Medications for opioid use disorders among incarcerated persons and those in the community supervision setting: exploration of implementation issues with key stakeholders.

Introduction: Receipt of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) critically reduces opioid-related mortality during the post-incarceration period. Optimal provision of this care to individuals on community supervision (i.e.

"Healthier health in more ways than one": Perspectives on a program for changing both smoking and obesity-related health behaviors.

Introduction: Individuals with obesity who smoke cigarettes have increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The goal of the current study was to inform the development of a multiple health behavior change intervention designed to facilitate smoking cessation while also targeting weight gain.

Methods: Four qualitative focus groups were conducted with individuals who smoked cigarettes and had overweight or obesity (n = 16) to explore the combined effects of smoking and obesity, past attempts to quit smoking or lose weight, and preferences for a combined health intervention.

Development and Evaluation of a Measure of Drinking Behavior in Response to Acculturation Stressors for Latinx Adults Entering Alcohol Treatment.

Introduction: The current study presents the development of a scale to assess drinking behavior in response to acculturation and immigration stress.

Methods: The 19-item Measure of Immigration and Acculturation Stressors (MIAS) and a parallel assessment, a Measure of Drinking in Response to Immigration and Acculturation Stressors (MDRIAS), were administered at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months in a completed randomized controlled trial testing culturally adapted motivational interviewing to reduce heavy drinking and related problems in Latinx individuals who met criteria for heavy drinking (n=149).

Results: Exploratory factor analysis of the MIAS showed best fit for a four-factor solution (Relational Stress, Perceived Ethnic Discrimination, Attenuated Aspirations, and Sense of Alienation) with 15 items.

Circumstances Around Cigarette Use after Enforced Abstinence From Smoking in an American Prison.

Objectives: Most adults return to smoking after enforced tobacco abstinence when incarcerated in US prisons. Little is known about the specific relapse triggers on reentry. This study examines situational, affective, and motivational antecedents of return to smoking immediately after release from a tobacco-free prison.

COVID-19 Impact on Smokers Participating in Smoking Cessation Trials: The Experience of Nondaily Smokers Participating in a Smartphone App Study.

To provide initial insight into how the COVID-19 pandemic could affect smoking behaviors and cessation efforts that were underway at its onset. An additional survey was added to follow-up assessments in an ongoing smoking cessation study for nondaily smokers: a measure of impact of COVID-19 and a subset of previously administered scales measuring smoking, emotional well-being, and alcohol use. Pre-post tests were conducted (84 ± 28 days apart).

Treatment outcomes associated with medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) among criminal justice-referred admissions to residential treatment in the U.S., 2015-2018.

Aims: To examine the use and association of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) with treatment completion and retention for criminal justice referred (CJR) admissions to residential treatment.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of the Treatment Episode Dataset-Discharge (TEDS-D; 2015-2018) for adults (N = 205,348) admitted to short-term (ST) (< 30 days) or long-term (LT) (>30 days) residential treatment for OUD. Outcomes were MOUD in treatment plans, and treatment completion and retention (ST >10 days; LT > 90 days).

Using implementation interventions and peer recovery support to improve opioid treatment outcomes in community supervision: Protocol.

Objective: The purpose is to determine whether a facilitated local change team (LCT) intervention improves linkage to medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) and implementation outcomes, and whether participant-level outcomes are further enhanced by use of peer support specialists (PSS).

Methods: This Type 1 hybrid implementation-effectiveness study involves a pre-post design (implementation study) followed by a randomized trial of PSS (effectiveness study). Participants are at least 114 justice and service staff from 7 sites in three states: probation officers, community treatment providers, a supervisor from each agency, and key stakeholders.

Preparing for the Quit Day: Comparing Beliefs of Nondaily Versus Daily Young Adult Smokers as They Prepare for a Quit Attempt.

Introduction: Most smoking cessation approaches are modeled on heavy daily smoking. With increasing prevalence of nondaily smoking, it may be necessary to modify these approaches for nondaily smokers.

Aims: To provide information about beliefs and attitudes relevant to smoking cessation for nondaily smokers.

Addressing social stressors in a brief motivational interview improve mental health symptoms for Latinx heavy drinkers.

Objective: Depressive and anxiety symptoms co-occur with hazardous drinking among Latinxs. This secondary analysis of a clinical trial to reduce hazardous drinking (motivational interviewing adapted to address social stressors [CAMI] vs. motivational interviewing [MI]) examined effects on anxiety/depressive symptoms.

Pilot trial investigating a brief behavioral economic intervention as an adjunctive treatment for alcohol use disorder.

Objective: Behavioral economic research suggests that increasing the salience of a delayed reward may improve capacity for delaying gratification and increase behavior allocated toward obtaining larger, delayed substance-free reward rather than smaller, more immediate reward such as alcohol use. This study aimed to improve the efficacy of outpatient alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment by adding elements that target behavioral economic mechanisms of change.

Method: Forty-one (N = 41) adults in outpatient AUD treatment were recruited and 37 participants were retained at follow-up.

A randomized clinical trial of motivational interviewing plus skills training vs. Relaxation plus education and 12-Steps for substance using incarcerated youth: Effects on alcohol, marijuana and crimes of aggression.

Background: Motivational Interviewing plus Cognitive Behavior Therapy (MI/CBT) has been used to reduce adolescent substance use, but has rarely been applied in youth correctional settings. This trial compared MI/CBT against Relaxation Training plus Substance-Education/12-Steps (RT/SET) to reduce substance use and crime among incarcerated youth.

Methods: Participants (N = 199) were incarcerated juveniles (64.

A randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing tailored for heavy drinking latinxs.

Objective: This randomized controlled trial (Clinicaltrials.gov NCT [01996280]) compared the efficacy of a brief motivational interview (MI) adapted to address social stressors and cultural influences (culturally adapted MI [CAMI]) to a standard MI for heavy-drinking Latinxs. CAMI was hypothesized to reduce heavy drinking days and frequency of alcohol-related consequences more than MI.

Smokers with opioid use disorder may have worse drug use outcomes after varenicline than nicotine replacement.

Introduction: Smokers with opioid use disorder (OUD) have little success with smoking cessation, possibly due to interactions between nicotine and opioid receptor systems. Smokers with OUD versus non-opioid substance use disorders (NOUD) have not been compared for response to smoking treatment. Data to make this comparison came from our previous study of 12 weeks (plus dose run-up) of varenicline (VAR) versus 12 weeks of nicotine patch (NRT), in a double-placebo design.

Behavioral economic tobacco demand in relation to cigarette consumption and nicotine dependence: a meta-analysis of cross-sectional relationships.

Background And Aims: A cigarette purchase task (CPT) aims to characterize individual variation in the reinforcing value of tobacco. This meta-analysis estimated the associations between cigarette demand, tobacco consumption and nicotine dependence using this task.

Design: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies identified by PubMed and PsycINFO databases was conducted.

Brief Assessment of Cigarette Demand (BACD): Initial development and correlational results in adults and adolescents.

Developing briefer behavioral economic measures is an important priority to ensure that these measures can be used in a variety of different contexts and to reduce participant burden. We developed and sought to validate a Brief Assessment of Cigarette Demand (BACD). A 17-item Cigarette Purchase Task (CPT) and a 3-item BACD were completed concurrently in 2 community samples of smokers (Study 1, adult smokers [n = 80] with substance use disorders; Study 2, adolescent smokers [n = 81]).

Smoking outcome expectancies predict smoking during voucher-based treatment for smokers with substance use disorders.

Objective: Strong expectations regarding positive effects of smoking may reduce the likelihood of successfully quitting. The Smoking Effects Questionnaire (SEQ) assesses the importance of seven expected positive and negative effects of smoking. SEQ was used to predict responses to contingent monetary rewards for smoking abstinence among smokers with substance use disorders (SUD).

Smoking and weight loss among smokers with overweight and obesity in Look AHEAD.

Unlabelled: Smoking cessation is associated with increases in body weight, but little is known about the relationship between participation in a weight loss intervention and smoking.

Objective: To determine whether (a) weight losses at 1 year differ as a function of baseline smoking status (never smoker, current smoker, ex-smoker) and (b) participation in a weight loss intervention affects smoking behavior.

Method: This analysis addressed these questions using the publicly available database from Look AHEAD, a randomized trial comparing intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) and diabetes support and education (DSE; control condition) among individuals with overweight/obesity and Type 2 diabetes, and included 4,387 participants who had self-reported smoking and objective weight measures available at baseline and at 1 year.

Contingency management for college student smokers: The role of drinking as a moderator and mediator of smoking abstinence during treatment.

Introduction: Contingency management (CM) is effective for promoting smoking abstinence; however, moderators and mediators of CM treatment efficacy in young adult populations are under-explored. We leveraged fine-grained data from a large randomized controlled trial: 1) to determine whether early attainment of sustained abstinence mediated the effect of treatment on abstinence; 2) to test whether heavy drinking moderated the effect of treatment on abstinence; and 3) to test a serial mediation model of the effects of drinking during early treatment on sustained smoking abstinence.

Methods: College student smokers (N=110) were randomized to receive either CM treatment or noncontingent reinforcement (NR) over a 21-day treatment period.

Effects of six weeks of electronic cigarette use on smoking rate, CO, cigarette dependence, and motivation to quit smoking: A pilot study.

Objectives: Switching from combustible tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) may or may not help smokers to reduce cigarette consumption and toxicant exposure. This pilot study investigated the effects of asking smokers to switch to e-cigs for 6weeks on smoking, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, dependence, and motivation to quit smoking.

Methods: Non-treatment seeking daily smokers (n=18) were given free e-cigs and instructed to use them instead of smoking cigarettes for 6weeks.

Electronic Cigarette Expectancies in Smokers with Psychological Distress.

Objectives: Very few studies have evaluated perceptions of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among smokers with mental illness. This study assessed expectancies about the effects of smoking combustible cigarettes or using ENDS among current smokers with and without severe psychological distress (SPD).

Methods: We used a crowdsourcing system to survey 268 smokers on their expectancies for the effects of combustible cigarettes and ENDS.

Effects of varenicline versus transdermal nicotine replacement therapy on cigarette demand on quit day in individuals with substance use disorders.

Rationale: Cigarette demand is a behavioral economic measure of the relative value of cigarettes. Decreasing the value of cigarette reinforcement may help with quitting smoking.

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of initial use of varenicline (VAR) versus nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on demand for cigarettes on quit day among smokers with substance use disorders (SUD) and to determine whether reduced demand was associated with subsequent abstinence from smoking at 1 and 3 months.

Varenicline versus nicotine patch with brief advice for smokers with substance use disorders with or without depression: effects on smoking, substance use and depressive symptoms.

Aims: Varenicline was compared with transdermal nicotine (NRT) for smokers with current substance use disorders (SUD) for effects on 3-month smoking abstinence (primary outcome) and, secondarily, on 3- and 6 month abstinence while adjusting for medication adherence, and on additional smoking and substance use outcomes. Moderation by major depressive disorder history (MDD) and adherence were investigated.

Design: Double-blind double-placebo-controlled randomized design, stratifying by MDD, gender and nicotine dependence, with 3 and 6 months follow-up.

Treating Smokers in Substance Treatment With Contingent Vouchers, Nicotine Replacement and Brief Advice Adapted for Sobriety Settings.

Unlabelled: Treatment for substance use disorders (SUD) provides an opportunity to use voucher-based treatment for smoking. Nicotine replacement (NRT) could improve outcomes previously observed with vouchers without NRT.

Methods: A randomized controlled trial compared contingent vouchers (CV) for smoking abstinence to noncontingent vouchers (NV), when all received counseling and NRT.

A randomized controlled trial of culturally adapted motivational interviewing for Hispanic heavy drinkers: Theory of adaptation and study protocol.

Background: The NIH Strategic Plan prioritizes health disparities research for socially disadvantaged Hispanics, to reduce the disproportionate burden of alcohol-related negative consequences compared to other racial/ethnic groups. Cultural adaptation of evidence-based treatments, such as motivational interviewing (MI), can improve access and response to alcohol treatment. However, the lack of rigorous clinical trials designed to test the efficacy and theoretical underpinnings of cultural adaptation has made proof of concept difficult.

Cue-elicited increases in incentive salience for marijuana: Craving, demand, and attentional bias.

Background: Incentive salience is a multidimensional construct that includes craving, drug value relative to other reinforcers, and implicit motivation such as attentional bias to drug cues. Laboratory cue reactivity (CR) paradigms have been used to evaluate marijuana incentive salience with measures of craving, but not with behavioral economic measures of marijuana demand or implicit attentional processing tasks.

Methods: This within-subjects study used a new CR paradigm to examine multiple dimensions of marijuana's incentive salience and to compare CR-induced increases in craving and demand.