[Agenesis of the corpus callosum: Cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms in children and adolescents--a case report].

Agenesis of the corpus callosum is associated with a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms. Cranial MRI confirms the diagnosis. We report a case of a 13-year-old boy with global developmental delay, mental retardation as well as neurological and psychiatric symptoms but without symptoms of ADHD who is unable to cope with school demands.

Role of MRI in the management of patients with nephroblastoma.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) presents the main diagnostic tool for differentiation and staging of renal tumors in childhood. Nephroblastoma is the most common malignant tumor in children. Radiological findings play an important role in therapy study trials of SIOP (International Society of Pediatric Oncology), especially for indicating preoperative chemotherapy.

Current radiological management of intussusception in children.

Intussusception is the most common abdominal emergency situation in infants and small children. There has been great progress in diagnostic and therapeutic management of intussusception. Ultrasound (US) has been shown to be the first-choice imaging technique in diagnosing intussusception for reasons of high accuracy, simultaneous exclusion of differential diagnoses, and disclosure of additional pathologies.

Imaging of congenital anomalies and variations of the caudal spine and back in neonates and small infants.

Spinal dysraphisms are categorized in open dysraphisms with prominent abnormal nervous tissue above the skinlevel and closed dysraphisms with a skin covered malformation. Especially the occult dysraphisms are marked by suspect skin masses and other dermal anomalies. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the indications and spectrum of spinal sonography in neonates and infants.

[Functional and morphological MR imaging of the upper urinary tract in the pediatric age group].

MR imaging is being increasingly used for the diagnosis of congenital urinary tract obstruction. The following conditions have to be fulfilled to provide an MR urography technique which is useful for the pediatric age group: (1) the combination of morphology and function, (2) a high-resolution morphological image, (3) a morphological image independent of kidney function, (4) reliable determination of split renal function and (5) of urinary excretion. This is best accomplished with a combination of a T1-weighted fast GE sequence post-contrast and a heavily T2-weighted 3D IR-TSE sequence.

[Rhabdoid tumors of the kidney in childhood].

Purpose: The primary diagnosis of renal masses in children is made by imaging studies. This retrospective analysis describes the imaging features of rhabdoid tumors (RT) with US, CT and MRI, to point out characteristics and to evaluate the possibility of differentiation between RT and Wilms tumor.

Materials And Methods: We reviewed 10 MRI (6 STIR, 9 T1 w, 8 T2 w, 10 T1 post KM), 15 CT (9 Nativ-CT, 14 KM-CT) and 14 US images of 22 patients (age 2 - 57 months) with histopathologically confirmed RT.

MR to assess renal function in children.

Renal function evaluation in the pediatric patient is generally based on scintigraphic examinations where a baseline gamma-camera renography is used to determine single kidney function, and diuresis renography is obtained to assess urinary drainage from the pelvicalyceal system. Magnetic resonance imaging also permits the evaluation of renal functional processes using fast dynamic sequences. Principally, an agent cleared by renal excretion is intravenously injected and its cortical uptake, parenchymal transport, and eventually its urinary excretion are followed with serial images.

Functional and morphologic evaluation of congenital urinary tract dilatation by using combined static-dynamic MR urography: findings in kidneys with a single collecting system.

Purpose: To assess combined static-dynamic magnetic resonance (MR) urography in the evaluation of congenital urinary tract dilatation in infants and children.

Materials And Methods: Sixty-two patients with urinary tract dilatation underwent prospective examination with combined static-dynamic MR urography. A combination examination involved use of a static T2-weighted three-dimensional inversion-recovery fast spin-echo sequence and a dynamic T1-weighted two-dimensional fast field-echo sequence with gadopentetate dimeglumine-DTPA and furosemide application.

German pediatric reference data for quantitative transverse transmission ultrasound of finger phalanges.

Quantitative ultrasound (QUS) of the finger phalanges is a useful tool in the assessment of disease- or age-related deterioration of bone. For studying the impact of juvenile diseases or growth disorders affecting the skeleton, a reference database for QUS parameters is needed. The aim of this study was to establish a calibrated reference database of parameters of transverse ultrasound transmission through juvenile finger phalanges.

Contrast-enhanced harmonic imaging for the diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux in pediatric patients.

Objective: Harmonic imaging using phase or pulse inversion technology is a new sonographic diagnostic modality that has the potential to produce images of a higher quality than can be obtained with the conventional method. The aim of this study was to compare both types of harmonic modalities--tissue and contrast harmonic imaging--with the fundamental imaging mode in contrast-enhanced B-mode sonographic diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux.

Subjects And Methods: Fifty-four children presenting for diagnostic examination of vesicoureteral reflux underwent standard sonography of the urinary tract in the fundamental mode, followed by intravesical administration of a galactose-based contrast medium containing microbubbles.

Reduction in voiding cystourethrographies after the introduction of contrast enhanced sonographic reflux diagnosis.

Background: Voiding urosonography (VUS) using the intravesical application of an US contrast medium (Levovist) has been shown to have very high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of vesicoureteric reflux (VUR) compared to voiding cystourethrography (VCUG).

Objective: To determine the extent of reduction of VCUGs after adding VUS to the diagnostic algorithm of VUR.

Materials And Methods: Over 2 years, 449 children (162 boys, 287 girls) were referred for diagnosis of possible VUR.

[Acute hematogenous osteomyelitis--exclusion with Turbo-STIR sequence?].

The timely diagnosis and early initiation of antibiotic therapy determine the clinical course of an acute hematogenous osteomyelitis. Consequently, a fast and efficient MRI examination protocol is crucial. We retrospectively evaluated various MR sequences used in the examination of 8 children having osteomyelitis.

Internal jugular venous valves in children: high-resolution US findings.

The aim of this study was to determine in children the prevalence rate and to describe the sonographic morphology of the valves in the internal jugular veins. One hundred twenty children (60 boys and 60 girls; mean age +/- SD 10 +/- 4 years, age range 3-20 years) were recruited for the study. They underwent sonographic examination of both internal jugular veins.

[Static-dynamic MR urography. Comparison with excretory urography and scintigraphy in experimentally-induced urinary tract obstruction].

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic value of combined static-dynamic MR urography (MRU) for the functional-morphological evaluation of experimentally induced urinary tract obstruction.

Methods: Static-dynamic MRU--combination study with a respiratory-triggered 3D-IR-TSE sequence and a dynamic 2D-FFE sequence after Gd-DTPA and furosemide--was obtained in comparison with 99mTc-MAG3 diuretic renal scintigraphy (DRS), excretory urography (EU) and ultrasound (US) in 29 healthy piglets and in 20 piglets with surgically induced ureteric stenosis (total of 50 postoperative examination blocks).

Results: MRU allowed complete depiction of the urinary tract in all controls, in operated piglets the stenosis was always correctly identified.

[Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis: sonographic monitoring of conservative therapy with intravenous atropine sulfate].

Aim: Ultrasound is the method of choice for the diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of sonography in monitoring the efficacy of conservative therapy of HPS with intravenous atropine sulfate.

Method: 21 infants with HPS under i.

Combined static-dynamic MR urography for the simultaneous evaluation of morphology and function in urinary tract obstruction. II. Findings in experimentally induced ureteric stenosis.

Purpose: To assess the diagnostic value of combined static-dynamic MR urography (MRU) for the functional-morphological evaluation of experimentally induced urinary tract obstruction in the piglet.

Materials And Methods: In 20 piglets unilateral ureteric stenosis was created operatively. Post-surgery repeated comparative examinations were obtained with MRU, diuretic renal scintigraphy (DRS), excretory urography (EU) and ultrasound (US).

Combined static-dynamic MR urography for the simultaneous evaluation of morphology and function in urinary tract obstruction. I. Evaluation of the normal status in an animal model.

Objective: A new approach, combined static-dynamic MR urography is evaluated to determine its potential utility for the functional-morphological diagnosis of paediatric urinary tract obstruction. In this initial investigation we sought to evaluate the procedure by imaging the urinary tract of piglets.

Materials And Methods: Twenty-nine healthy piglets were studied with MR urography (MRU), 99mTc-MAG3 diuretic renal scintigraphy (DRS), ultrasound (US) and excretory urography (EU).

A case of Perlman syndrome: fetal gigantism, renal dysplasia, and severe neurological deficits.

We report on a neonate presenting with polyhydramnios; macrosomia; macrocephaly; visceromegaly including bilateral nephromegaly, hepatomegaly, cardiomegaly; thymus hyperplasia; cryptorchidism; generalized muscle hypotonia; and a distinctive facial appearance. The clinical course was marked by severe neurodevelopmental deficits combined with progressive respiratory decompensation leading to death at the age 6 months. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) disclosed a generalized cerebral atrophy with a marked deficit of the white matter.

Intestinal intussusception survey about diagnostic and nonsurgical therapeutic procedures.

Objective: To provide an overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed by European paediatric radiologists in the management of intussusception.

Materials And Methods: A postal survey was sent to the European members of ESPR. Items surveyed included diagnostic imaging procedures (plain films, US, contrast enema [CE]), contrast medium used (barium, iodine, air, saline solution), and imaging technique used for monitoring during reduction (films, fluoroscopy, US).

[Diagnostic imaging of the kidneys and the urinary tract in children].

Imaging flow charts differ in pediatric and general radiology. The reasons are: different illnesses, different consequences arising out of imaging results and different sequence of imaging methods. Ultrasound is always the first imaging method of the urinary tract in infancy and childhood starts with ultrasound with the exception of severe abdominal trauma which is investigated by computer-tomography.

Reflux in young patients: comparison of voiding US of the bladder and retrovesical space with echo enhancement versus voiding cystourethrography for diagnosis.

Purpose: To compare the usefulness of voiding US of the bladder and retrovesical space with echo enhancement with that of voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) for diagnosis of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and to assess patient tolerance of the echo-enhancing agent.

Materials And Methods: One hundred eighty-eight patients (aged 5 days to 20 years) referred for investigation of VUR underwent voiding US with echo enhancement, which was followed by VCUG in 110 patients (226 kidney-ureter units). After US of the renal tract, the bladder was filled with normal saline solution.

[Incidence of typical nephrocalcinosis ultrasound findings in premature infants during enteral calcium and phosphate administration].

Supplementation of calcium and phosphate is recommended in nutrition of low birth weight infants to ensure a physiological development of postnatal bone mineralisation. To investigate whether high dose calcium supplementation increases the risk of renal calcification in preterm infants, serial ultrasound examinations were performed in 30 preterm infants (gestational age 29.5 (26-35) weeks; birth weight 1382 (610-2010) g) before, during and after oral calcium and phosphate supplementation.