Workforce Attrition Among Emergency Medicine Non-Physician Practitioners.

Study Objective: Non-physician practitioners, including nurse practitioners and physician assistants, increasingly practice in emergency departments, especially in rural areas, where they help mitigate physician shortages. However, little is known about non-physician practitioner durability and demographic trends in emergency departments. Our objective was to examine attrition rates and ages among non-physician practitioners in emergency medicine.

Maternal health care in India: A reflection of 10 years of National Health Mission on the Indian maternal health scenario.

Objective: Maternal healthcare coverage is the outcome of health service availability and utilization, and includes antenatal care (ANC), care at delivery, and postnatal care. This study examines the contribution of India's National Health Mission (NHM) to maternal health through a pre-post comparison of rates of delivery at a healthcare institution and use of ANC along with inequalities in the determinants of one of the major maternal health outcomes-at least four ANC visits.

Methods: Data came from the Indian National Family Health Surveys conducted between 1992-93 and 2015-16.

Missing female fetus: a micro level investigation of sex determination in a periurban area of Northern India.

A micro-level investigation of 983 pregnant women (aged 15-49 years) regarding sex determination and associated factors was carried out in a periurban region of Northern India. Among the women surveyed, 183 chose to use sex determination. The highest percentage of sex determination was among 30-39-year-old women, and general caste and family size were two risk factors associated with sex determination.

India's progress towards the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 on infant and maternal mortality.

Background: India is in a race against time to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5, to reduce Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) to '28' and Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) to '109', by 2015. This study estimates the percent net contribution of the states and the periods in shaping India's IMR/MMR, and predicts future levels.

Methods: A standardized decomposition technique was used to estimate each state's and period's percent share in shaping India's decline in IMR/MMR between two time points.

Child mortality in India: a complex situation.

Background: The countdown database to track the maternal and child survival rate, as set by the Millennium Development Goal, reported recently that India's progress is not satisfactory in reducing newborn and child deaths.

Data Sources: Articles on neonatal and child mortality in India were accessed from PubMed/MEDLINE. Risk factors associated with neonatal and child mortality were reviewed in three crucial phases of pregnancy, childbirth and postnatal period.

Determinants of tetanus and sepsis among the last neonatal deaths at household level in a peri-urban area of India.

Background: India contributes to one quarter of the total number of newborn deaths in the world. Less explored are the causes of these deaths, and household factors and decision makers for antenatal and postnatal care and their association with neonatal mortality.

Objective: This study estimated neonatal mortality rate due to tetanus and sepsis (TS) and tried to identify the risk factors for TS in a peri-urban area of India characterised by a high level of infant and neonatal mortality rate.

Intra- and inter-household differences in antenatal care, delivery practices and postnatal care between last neonatal deaths and last surviving children in a peri-urban area of India.

Nearly a quarter of the world's neonatal deaths take place in India. The state of Uttar Pradesh alone accounts for one-quarter of all neonatal deaths in the country. In this study 892 married women aged less than 50 years living in a peri-urban area of Kanpur city in Uttar Pradesh were interviewed.

Determinants of infant and child mortality in periurban areas of Kolkata city, India.

Recent Indian studies indicate stagnation in decline of child mortality, though various health care interventions were introduced during the last 2 decades. This study examined the rates of infant and child mortality and associated demographic and socioeconomic factors in 2 socioeconomically vulnerable populations, comprising 195 Munda and 334 Poundrakshatriya women having similar access to health care facilities in a periurban region of Kolkata city. Higher infant mortality rate (IMR) was noted in the older and younger Munda women, in contrast to lower IMR in younger Pod women.

Partial breastfeeding protects Bedouin infants from infection and morbidity: prospective cohort study.

The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding for health in infants have been widely described. The goal of this study was to determine whether partial breastfeeding has protective effects against enteric infection and associated morbidity in population where early addition of supplementation is common. In this prospective study 238 Bedouin infants were followed from birth to age 18 months.

Microlevel determinants of blood pressure among women of two ethnic groups in a periurban area of Kolkata city, India.

Blood pressure (BP) trends vary cross-culturally, and studies on the risk factors associated with hypertension are limited in periurban regions of India. This study was conducted to examine the effect of socioeconomic factors (income, expenditure, activity time) and anthropometric measurements (skinfolds of biceps, triceps, subscapular, supra iliac, and body mass index) on 102 Munda (tribe) and 135 Pod (caste) women of childbearing age in a periurban area of Kolkata city. Results indicate that Munda women had significantly higher diastolic BP in the 30+ age group.

Longitudinal study of the frequency and duration of breastfeeding in rural Bangladeshi women.

A 27-month longitudinal study of 140 Bangladeshi mothers living in three tea gardens examined the effect of maternal factors (mother's age, number of live births, birth interval, and mother's work status) and sex of the infant on the duration and bout frequency of breastfeeding over 8-hr daytime periods. Prolonged breastfeeding of the infant was observed, but there was a sharp decline in duration of breastfeeding over the first 6 months, followed by a more gradual diminution thereafter. The feeding bouts showed a different pattern, with a more gradual decline over time.

Women's status and health of two ethnic groups inhabiting a periurban habitat of Kolkata City, India: a micro-level study.

We studied the interrelationship of women's status in terms of socioeconomic inequality and its effect on women's health at micro level between two ethnic groups in a periurban area of Kolkata City, India. One-hundred twenty-seven women who belong to a tribal population (Munda) and 174 women who belong to a caste population (Poundrakshatriya) participated in this study. We found significant differences between various (socioeconomic, demographic, diet intake, and body mass index [BMI] factors among the two ethnic groups that indicated a better situation for the Pod women.

Socioeconomic Condition and Anaemia among the Mahishya Population of Southern West Bengal, India.

A cross-sectional study was conducted among the Mahishya population of Chakpota village in Southern West Bengal to determine the relationship between socio-economic conditions and certain haematological parameters, haemoglobin level and haemotocrit. Households were divided into high, middle and low socioeconomic groups on the basis of per capita income per year. The demographic data were collected from all the 255 households comprising 404 adult males and 383 adult females (above 20 years of age).

Haemoglobin status of adult women of two ethnic groups living in a peri-urban area of Kolkata city, India: a micro-level study.

A micro level study on the haemoglobin status of 127 Munda (a tribe) and 174 Poundrakshatriya (Pod) (caste) women were conducted in the peri-urban area of Kolkata City, India. The two ethnic groups were selected in order to find out whether populations residing in the same habitat, with similar medical and health care facilities have similar haemoglobin status. Results indicate that there exists very high percentage of anaemia in both the ethnic groups and 100 percent anaemia was observed among the Munda.