Incidence and Outcomes of Positive Bubble Contrast Study Results After Transcatheter Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of persistently positive results on agitated saline contrast injection after patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure, the underlying mechanism, and management.

Background: Transcatheter intervention to close a PFO is reasonable in highly selected patients younger than 60 years, after a thorough cardioneurological investigation following a cryptogenic stroke, particularly in the presence of thromboembolic disease or in patients at high risk for venous thrombosis. The U.