Inflammation and Fibrosis in Orbital Inflammatory Disease: A Histopathologic Analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the histopathologic inflammation and fibrosis of orbital adipose tissue in orbital inflammatory disease (OID) specimens.

Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, inflammation, and fibrosis in orbital adipose tissue from patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), sarcoidosis, nonspecific orbital inflammation (NSOI), and healthy controls were scored by 2 masked ocular pathologists. Both categories were scored on a scale of 0 to 3 with scoring criteria based on the percentage of specimens containing inflammation or fibrosis, respectively.

Acellular cadaveric dermal matrix grafts for orbital wall reconstruction in patients with sinonasal malignancies.

Purpose: To describe the utilization of acellular cadaveric dermal matrix (ACDM) in patients undergoing orbital wall reconstruction after orbital preservation surgery for sinonasal malignancy.

Methods: Retrospective case series of seven patients with sinonasal malignancy who had orbital reconstruction with ACDM implants from January 2012 to August 2020. Orbital preservation was performed in all patients with tumor extension up to and including periorbital.

Predictive Modeling of New-Onset Postoperative Diplopia Following Orbital Decompression for Thyroid Eye Disease.

Purpose: To identify risk factors for the development of new-onset, postoperative diplopia following orbital decompression surgery based on patient demographics, clinical exam characteristics, radiographic parameters, and surgical techniques.

Methods: We conducted a multi-center retrospective chart review of patients who underwent orbital decompression for thyroid eye disease (TED). Patient demographics, including age, gender, smoking history, preoperative exophthalmometry, clinical activity score (CAS), use of peribulbar and/or systemic steroids, and type of orbital decompression were reviewed.

The potential of tear proteomics for diagnosis and management of orbital inflammatory disorders including Graves' ophthalmopathy.

Orbital compartments harbor a variety of tissues that can be independently targeted in a plethora of disorders resulting in sight-threatening risks. Orbital inflammatory disorders (OID) including Graves' ophthalmopathy, sarcoidosis, IgG4 disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and nonspecific orbital inflammation constitute an important cause of pain, diplopia and vision loss. Physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging, and even biopsy are not always adequate to classify orbital inflammation which is frequently deemed "nonspecific".

Enrichment of IGF-1R and PPARγ signalling pathways in orbital inflammatory diseases: steps toward understanding pathogenesis.

Background: Orbital inflammatory disease (OID) encompasses a wide range of pathology including thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), sarcoidosis and non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI), accounting for up to 6% of orbital diseases. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of OID can improve diagnosis and help target therapy.

Aims: To test the hypothesis that shared signalling pathways are activated in different forms of OID.

Radiologic imaging shows variable accuracy in diagnosing orbital inflammatory disease and assessing its activity.

Radiologic orbital imaging provides important information in the diagnosis and management of orbital inflammation. However, the diagnostic value of orbital imaging is not well elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of orbital imaging to diagnose orbital inflammatory diseases and its ability to detect active inflammation.

Spatial Proteomic Approach to Characterize Skeletal Muscle Myofibers.

Skeletal muscle myofibers have differential protein expression resulting in functionally distinct slow- and fast-twitch types. While certain protein classes are well-characterized, the depth of all proteins involved in this process is unknown. We utilized the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and the HPASubC tool to classify mosaic expression patterns of staining across 49,600 unique tissue microarray (TMA) images using a visual proteomic approach.

A case of mistaken identity: of the orbit.

The authors describe a rare presentation of invasive fungal rhino-orbital cellulitis caused by in an immunocompetent child. The patient was initially diagnosed and treated as , which has a high mortality rate and is primarily seen in immunocompromised patients. Though of the same order, Mucorales, the families and , may be difficult to differentiate on histologic examination and must be distinguished by fungal culture and speciation.

Consistent RNA sequencing contamination in GTEx and other data sets.

A challenge of next generation sequencing is read contamination. We use Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) datasets and technical metadata along with RNA-seq datasets from other studies to understand factors that contribute to contamination. Here we report, of 48 analyzed tissues in GTEx, 26 have variant co-expression clusters of four highly expressed and pancreas-enriched genes (PRSS1, PNLIP, CLPS, and/or CELA3A).

Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Decision Modelling: A Tutorial for Clinicians.

Cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) provides information on how much extra do we need to spend per unit gain in health outcomes with introduction of any new healthcare intervention or treatment as compared to the alternative. This information is crucial to make decision regarding funding any new drug, diagnostic test or determining standard treatment protocol. It becomes even more important to consider this evidence in resource constrained low-income and middle-income country settings.

Cost Effectiveness of Trastuzumab for Management of Breast Cancer in India.

Purpose: We undertook this study to evaluate the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained with use of adjuvant trastuzumab as compared with chemotherapy alone among patients with nonmetastatic breast cancer in India.

Methods: We used a Markov model to estimate the incremental cost of using trastuzumab (for 1 year, 6 months, or 9 weeks) as compared with chemotherapy alone using a societal perspective, excluding indirect productivity losses. Although the outcomes (QALYs) in the standard chemotherapy arm were estimated after calibrating the model as per survival data from 2 Indian cancer registries, effectiveness estimates from the HERA trial and a joint analysis of the NSABP B-31 and NCCTG N9831 trials were used to estimate the consequences of 1-year trastuzumab use.

A spatially restricted fibrotic niche in pulmonary fibrosis is sustained by M-CSF/M-CSFR signalling in monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages.

Ontologically distinct populations of macrophages differentially contribute to organ fibrosis through unknown mechanisms.We applied lineage tracing, single-cell RNA sequencing and single-molecule fluorescence hybridisation to a spatially restricted model of asbestos-induced pulmonary fibrosis.We demonstrate that tissue-resident alveolar macrophages, tissue-resident peribronchial and perivascular interstitial macrophages, and monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages are present in the fibrotic niche.

Cost-effectiveness of Sorafenib for Treatment of Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma in India.

Background: Majority of patients of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India present in advanced stages, when curative treatment options are limited. We undertook this study to assess the cost-effectiveness of treating advanced HCC patients with sorafenib compared with best supportive care (BSC).

Methods: A Markov model was parameterized to model the lifetime costs and consequences of treating advanced HCC patients with sorafenib versus BSC using a societal perspective.

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Human Lung Provides Insights into the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Fibrosis.

The contributions of diverse cell populations in the human lung to pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis are poorly understood. Single-cell RNA sequencing can reveal changes within individual cell populations during pulmonary fibrosis that are important for disease pathogenesis. To determine whether single-cell RNA sequencing can reveal disease-related heterogeneity within alveolar macrophages, epithelial cells, or other cell types in lung tissue from subjects with pulmonary fibrosis compared with control subjects.

The Radiopacity and Antimicrobial Properties of Different Radiopaque Double Antibiotic Pastes Used in Regenerative Endodontics.

Introduction: We evaluated the radiopacity and antibacterial properties of various concentrations of double antibiotic paste (DAP) containing barium sulfate (BaSO) or zirconium oxide (ZrO) radiopaque agents.

Methods: The radiopacity of 1, 10, and 25 mg/mL DAP containing 30% (w/v) BaSO or ZrO, DAP-free radiopaque pastes, and commercially available radiopaque calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]) were evaluated according to ISO 6876/2001 with slight modifications (n = 6 per group). Dentin samples (n = 70) infected anaerobically for 3 weeks with bacterial biofilms obtained from a root canal of an immature tooth with pulpal necrosis were treated with similar experimental pastes or received no treatment (n = 7).

Tonsillectomy-Comparative Study of Various Techniques and Changing Trend.

Tonsillectomy is a major surgical procedure in terms of volume in the general otolaryngological practice. It is a 3000-year-old surgical operation, referred in Hindu medicine. There has been a conceptual change in the indications and surgical technique in the last 40 years.

Optic nerve head problem.

A 68-year-old woman with a recent history of blurring in the left eye had undergone mastectomy for breast cancer 20 years ago. A series of bone metastases started 5 years after her diagnosis. Examination of the optic nerve head of the left eye revealed an isolated peripapillary mass.

Orbital Perivenous Abscess Complicating the Diagnosis and Management of Orbital Cellulitis.

An 11-year-old female presented with orbital cellulitis, bacterial sinusitis, enlarged left superior ophthalmic vein, dural venous sinuses, and internal jugular vein. The patient underwent endoscopic sinus surgery and was started on intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation with limited improvement in orbital signs and symptoms. A magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic resonance venography of the orbits and brain revealed a dilated left superior ophthalmic vein with absence of flow but no clearly discernible orbital abscess.

A Report on Molecular Diagnostic Testing for Inherited Retinal Dystrophies by Targeted Genetic Analyses.

Aim: To test the utility of targeted sequencing as a method of clinical molecular testing in patients diagnosed with inherited retinal degeneration (IRD).

Methods: After genetic counseling, peripheral blood was drawn from 188 probands and 36 carriers of IRD. Single gene testing was performed on each patient in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment (CLIA) certified laboratory.