Is it worth revisiting laparoscopic three-dimensional visualization? A validated assessment.

Objectives: Pure laparoscopic urologic surgery is becoming the standard of care for many urologic procedures. Training surgeons without any experience in the field is still a challenge. It is well recognized that two-dimensional optics causes difficulty for the novice.

Renal transplantation in adults with abnormal bladders.

Since January 1, 1985, we have performed 73 renal transplants in 66 patients with abnormal bladders who had end-stage renal failure as a consequence of urologic abnormalities (mean age 32 years). Their outcome is compared with 58 renal transplants in 54 patients (mean age 40 years) who had renal failure from primary vesicoureteric reflux or renal dysplasia and whose bladder function was considered to be normal. There is no difference in actuarial graft survival in the two groups at 10 years (abnormal 66%, normal bladders 61%), although longer follow-up is showing an advantage for normal bladders, with a kidney half-life of 29 to 33 years compared with 15 years for the abnormal bladder group.