Empagliflozin alleviates diabetes-induced cognitive impairments by lowering nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase-4 expression and potentiating the antioxidant defense system in brain tissue of diabetic rats.

Background: Diabetes-induced cognitive impairment is a major challenge in patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. It has a complicated pathophysiology, but the role of oxidative stress is central. Therefore, the use of antidiabetic drugs with extra-glycemic effects that reduce oxidative damage may be a promising treatment option.

Regulatory effect of vitamin D on pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-oxidative enzymes dysregulations due to chronic mild stress in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortical area.

Background: Chronic stress increases the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress in the brain, which underlay cognitive and psychological problems. In addition to the anti-depressants, vitamin D is known to act as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative agent. This study investigates the specific effects of vitamin D in protecting hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) against chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and decreasing the activation of anti-oxidative enzymes super oxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx).

Comparing the effects of seed hydro-alcoholic extract, valsartan, and vitamin E on hemodynamic changes, oxidative stress parameters and cardiac hypertrophy in thyrotoxic rats.

The present study compared the effects of ( seed hydro-alcoholic extract, valsartan, and vitamin E on hemodynamic changes, oxidative stress markers and cardiac hypertrophy in a model of thyrotoxicosis. The hyperthyroid state was induced by intraperitoneal injection of levothyroxine (100 µg/kg) for 4 weeks in male adult rats. After 2 weeks, vitamin E (20 mg/kg), valsartan (8 mg/kg), and seed extract (400 mg/kg) were administered in three groups of thyrotoxic rats.

Beneficial Effects of Physical Activity and Crocin Against Adolescent Stress Induced Anxiety or Depressive-Like Symptoms and Dendritic Morphology Remodeling in Prefrontal Cortex in Adult Male Rats.

Increasing evidence suggests that exposure to chronic stress during adolescent period may lead to behavioral and neuronal morphology deficits in adulthood. This study examined whether crocin, the main active saffron constituent, and voluntary exercise, alone or combined, could prevent the detrimental influences of chronic restraint stress during adolescent (postnatal days, PND, 30-40) on behavioral and morphological deficits in adult (PND60) male rats. Results showed that plasma corticosterone levels increased at PND40, but not PND60 in stressed rats.

Effects of levothyroxine on learning and memory deficits in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease: the role of BDNF and oxidative stress.

The effect of levothyroxine (L-T4) on the learning and memory impairment induced by streptozotocin (STZ) and brain tissue oxidative damage in rats was evaluated. An animal model of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) was established by intracerebroventricular injection of STZ (3 mg/kg) in male Wistar rats (250 ± 50 g). After that, the rats were treated for 3 weeks with L-T4 (10, 100 μg/kg) or normal saline.

A comparison between the effects of seeds extract and valsartan on echocardiographic and hemodynamic parameters in rats with levothyroxine-induced thyrotoxicosis.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of (Po) seeds extract and those of valsartan on cardiac function in levothyroxine (T)-treated rats.

Materials And Methods: Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n=10): control, levothyroxine (T), T plus valsartan (T-Val) and T plus hydro-alcoholic extract of the seeds (T-Po). Control group received normal saline.

A comparison of the effects of seeds hydro-alcoholic extract and Vitamin C on biochemical, hemodynamic and functional parameters in cardiac tissue of rats with subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Objective: The present study was performed to evaluate the effects of hydro-alcoholic extract of () seeds and Vitamin C on biochemical and hemodynamic parameters in cardiac tissue of rats with subclinical hyperthyroidism.

Materials And Methods: Forty eight male rats were divided into six groups of 8 and treated for 4 weeks. T4 group received daily injection of levothyroxine sodium (20 μg/kg) and control group was given daily injection of saline.

The Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Seeds on Serum Estradiol and Prolactin Levels and obstetric Criteria due to Hypothyroidism in Rat.

Background: The aim of this study was investigation of the effects of (NS) seeds on hypothyroid pregnant rats and their progenies.

Materials And Methods: Hypothyroidism was induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) 0.03% in drinking water.

Kidney stone formation and antioxidant effects of decoction in male Wistar rats.

Objectives: The antioxidant capacity impairs in kidney and urinary bladder of animals with stone disease. Herbal medicine can improve the antioxidant condition of renal tissue. () is a medicinal plant with antioxidative and diuretic properties and different preparations of this plant have shown promising effects in stone disease.

Microinjections of the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist sulpiride into the medial prefrontal cortex attenuate glucocorticoid-induced impairment of long-term memory retrieval in rats.

We recently reported that blockade of dopamine (DA) D2 receptors attenuated deficits in long-term memory retrieval induced by a systemic injection of corticosterone, but the anatomical sites of such interaction were not known. In this study, we investigated whether the DA D2 receptors located in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) may play a role in the impairing effects of glucocorticoids on the memory retrieval process. Young adult male rats were trained in a one trial inhibitory avoidance task (0.

Glucocorticoid-induced impairment of long-term memory retrieval in rats: an interaction with dopamine D2 receptors.

This study investigated glucocorticoid-dopaminergic interactions in modulating retrieval of long-term memory in an inhibitory avoidance task. Young adult male rats were trained in one trial inhibitory avoidance task (0.5 mA, 3 s footshock).