Differences in the Judged Direction of Gaze From Heads Imaged in 3-D versus 2-D.

Observers viewed a model imaged on an LCD monitor in 3-D or 2-D as she gazed at points along a horizontally oriented meter stick from a distance of 80 cm. Her head was either straight or turned 20 degrees to the side, and for each head orientation, her gaze was straight, 10 degrees, or 20 degrees to the side, with her eyes individually open, both open, or both closed. For images in which both eyes were closed, the observers pointed along the same meter stick to where they judged her head to be pointed.

The effect of head turn and illumination on the perceived direction of gaze.

Thirty observers judged the direction of monocular and binocular gaze from a model's LCD-imaged head when the head, gaze, and illumination were either straight or turned 20.6 degrees to the side. The judged direction of binocular eye contact from a turned head was judged to go past the direction of the observer, while judged monocular gaze from the eye toward the observer followed that for binocular gaze.

Was Rembrandt strabismic?

Purpose: We studied a set of Rembrandt's self-portraits to reassess a previous claim, based on measurements of the centration of his painted irises, that Rembrandt had a large exotropia.

Methods: Of the 24 self-portraits that Rembrandt painted, with significant ocular detail to give an impression of the direction of his gaze, we scanned 10; the five with the largest difference in centration between the irises and the five with the smallest difference. The right and left eyes in each image were then occluded using Photoshop to produce two additional images that gave monocular gaze.

Influence of the direction of eye turn on the appearance of strabismus.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine whether an equal amount of exotropia (XT) or esotropia (ET) produces a more noticeable eye turn, which gives the better impression of eye contact, and how a positive angle kappa (K) affects this judgment.

Methods: Images from a white male model were manipulated to simulate 0, 5, 10, and 15° of ET and XT for both 0 and +5° K. A series of image pairs was then created that juxtaposed XT and ET of equal angles for both 0 and +5° K.

Perceived direction of gaze from eyes with dark vs. light irises.

Purpose: Much of the previous research on the perceived direction of gaze has not specified eye color or pupil visibility. This study tests whether the lightness or darkness of a gazer's irises (typically brown vs. blue) affects their perceived direction of gaze.

Differences in the perception of monocular and binocular gaze.

Purpose: The judged direction of side gaze from a straight head is known to be biased from its true direction. This study reports the specific biases in the perceived direction of gaze from right, left, or both eyes when targets are in the plane of the observer or in a plane in front of the observer. Theories are discussed about the ocular cues that are used to determine the perceived direction of gaze.

The effect of head turn on the perception of gaze.

When subjects viewed straight and turned eyes that were isolated singly or in pairs from a head that was straight or turned, they underestimated their true direction of gaze. They also underestimated the direction of head turn when both eyes were closed. However, the judged direction of gaze was improved when the eyes were layered against the heads.

Influence of the epicanthal fold on the perceived direction of gaze.

Purpose: Judged direction of gaze from straight and turned heads is known to be biased from its true direction. We have tested the additional influence of epicanthal folds on the perceived direction of gaze.

Methods: Western observers (U.

Redirecting gaze to improve the cosmetic appearance of strabismus.

Purpose: We studied a behavioral technique in which strabismics can reduce the detectability of their eye turn by appropriately redirecting their gaze. We tested the efficacy of this technique for various amounts of strabismus and different positions of gaze.

Methods: We took digital images of a model gazing in different lateral directions and digitally edited them to simulate fixation with one eye on different lateral locations whereas the other eye was misaligned from the first by +/-0, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 30 Delta.

Gaze as depicted in Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring.

Ten observers viewed Vermeer's painting Girl With a Pearl Earring and estimated her direction of gaze when her eyes were exposed together and separately. The observers also viewed the painting when her eyes were digitally replaced by those of a real person. The authors found that Vermeer painted the girl's eyes with a precision that was near the limits of visual acuity.

Comparisons of dynamic retinoscopy measurements with a print card, a video display terminal, and a PRIO System Tester as test targets.

Background: Dynamic retinoscopy is a common clinical test for assessment of visual function in patients with symptoms related to computer use. It has been suggested that performing dynamic retinoscopy with a fixation target resembling a computer screen may be valuable in the examination of computer users. However, such targets differ in luminance and other characteristics from the printed paper test cards typically used for dynamic retinoscopy.

Measurement of refractive errors in young myopes using the COAS Shack-Hartmann aberrometer.

Purpose: To evaluate the Complete Ophthalmic Analysis System (COAS; WaveFront Science) for accuracy, repeatability, and instrument myopia when measuring myopic refractive errors.

Methods: We measured the refractive errors of 20 myopic subjects (+0.25 to -10 D sphere; 0 to -1.

The effect of changing from glasses to soft contact lenses on myopia progression in adolescents.

At the end of a clinical trial of bifocals as myopia treatment, subjects were allowed to select any type of optical correction they wished and were asked to return in 1 year. This report gives results of that last examination with emphasis on how progression rates differed between those remaining in their original type of glasses compared with those who switched to soft contact lenses. We found that myopia progressed at an age-adjusted average rate of 0.