Relation between the quality of the ultrasound image acquisition and the precision of the measurement of the crown-rump length in the late first trimester: what are the consequences?

Objective: To assess the extent to which the distribution of crown-rump length (CRL) values may be correlated with different criteria for the quality of the CRL images.

Study Design: This is a retrospective analysis of a series of 977 CRL images, by two independent observers, for the presence or the absence of 14 quality hallmarks. Inter-observer agreement for the hallmarks was assessed by the proportion of agreement and Cohen's kappa.

Quality of first-trimester measurement of crown-rump length.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality of crown-rump length (CRL) measurements in scans judged to be of high quality for the measurement of the nuchal translucency.

Study Design: We analyzed prospective data on 68,250 scans by 1913 sonographers that were collected by the French College of Fetal Echography (CFEF) national practice assessment program for the first-trimester scan. The scans were evaluated according to the CFEF image scoring method (CFEF-ISM), which includes items to measure the quality of the scan for both nuchal translucency and the CRL measurements.

Phytoalexins from the Vitaceae: biosynthesis, phytoalexin gene expression in transgenic plants, antifungal activity, and metabolism.

Resistance of plants to infection by phytopathogenic microorganisms is the result of multiple defense reactions comprising both constitutive and inducible barriers. In grapevine, the most frequently observed and best characterized defense mechanisms are the accumulation of phytoalexins and the synthesis of PR-proteins. Particular attention has been given here to stilbene phytoalexins produced by Vitaceae, specifically, their pathway of biosynthesis (including stilbene phytoalexin gene transfer experiments to other plants) and their biological activity together with fungal metabolism.