Beyond the tried and true: How virtual reality, dialog setups, and a focus on multimodality can take bilingual language production research forward.

Bilinguals possess the ability of expressing themselves in more than one language, and typically do so in contextually rich and dynamic settings. Theories and models have indeed long considered context factors to affect bilingual language production in many ways. However, most experimental studies in this domain have failed to fully incorporate linguistic, social, or physical context aspects, let alone combine them in the same study.

Emotions, fast and slow: processing of emotion words is affected by individual differences in need for affect and narrative absorption.

Emotional words have consistently been shown to be processed differently than neutral words. However, few studies have examined individual variability in emotion word processing with longer, ecologically valid stimuli (beyond isolated words, sentences, or paragraphs). In the current study, we re-analysed eye-tracking data collected during story reading to reveal how individual differences in need for affect and narrative absorption impact the speed of emotion word reading.

Different kinds of simulation during literary reading: Insights from a combined fMRI and eye-tracking study.

Mental simulation is an important aspect of narrative reading. In a previous study, we found that gaze durations are differentially impacted by different kinds of mental simulation. Motor simulation, perceptual simulation, and mentalizing as elicited by literary short stories influenced eye movements in distinguishable ways (Mak & Willems, 2019).

Association of Proton Pump Inhibitor Use With Risk of Acquiring Drug-Resistant Enterobacterales.

Importance: Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) have been associated with the risk of colonization with drug-resistant bacteria; however, possible confounding by lifestyle-associated factors and disease severity casts doubt on this association, and whether the risk is dose dependent is not known.

Objectives: To assess the association between PPI use and the risk of acquiring drug-resistant Enterobacterales and to examine interactions with possible microbiome-altering agents.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This nested case-control study involved 2239 hospitalized adult (aged ≥18 years) patients identified from the microbiology laboratory database of Amsterdam University Medical Centers between December 31, 2018, and January 6, 2021.

Incidence of infection with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in carriers: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

Background: Carriers of multidrug-resistant bacteria are at risk of infections with these bacteria; the precise size of this risk is unclear. We aimed to quantify the effect of gut colonisation on subsequent risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-regression analysis.

MA-EM: A neurocognitive model for understanding mixed and ambiguous emotions and morality.

Understanding emotions and moral intentions of other people is integral to being human. Humanities scholars have long recognized the complex and ambiguous nature of emotions and morality. People are rarely 'just' happy, or sad.

Different routes to liking: how readers arrive at narrative evaluations.

When two people read the same story, they might both end up liking it very much. However, this does not necessarily mean that their reasons for liking it were identical. We therefore ask what factors contribute to "liking" a story, and-most importantly-how people vary in this respect.

Gut colonisation by extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and its association with the gut microbiome and metabolome in Dutch adults: a matched case-control study.

Background: Gut colonisation by extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli is a risk factor for developing overt infection. The gut microbiome can provide colonisation resistance against enteropathogens, but it remains unclear whether it confers resistance against ESBL-producing E coli. We aimed to identify a potential role of the microbiome in controlling colonisation by this antibiotic-resistant bacterium.

Correction: Protocol of the Healthy Brain Study: An accessible resource for understanding the human brain and how it dynamically and individually operates in its bio-social context.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Reading about minds: The social-cognitive potential of narratives.

It is often argued that narratives improve social cognition, either by appealing to social-cognitive abilities as we engage with the story world and its characters, or by conveying social knowledge. Empirical studies have found support for both a correlational and a causal link between exposure to (literary, fictional) narratives and social cognition. However, a series of failed replications has cast doubt on the robustness of these claims.

Protocol of the Healthy Brain Study: An accessible resource for understanding the human brain and how it dynamically and individually operates in its bio-social context.

The endeavor to understand the human brain has seen more progress in the last few decades than in the previous two millennia. Still, our understanding of how the human brain relates to behavior in the real world and how this link is modulated by biological, social, and environmental factors is limited. To address this, we designed the Healthy Brain Study (HBS), an interdisciplinary, longitudinal, cohort study based on multidimensional, dynamic assessments in both the laboratory and the real world.

Aesthetic appraisals of literary style and emotional intensity in narrative engagement are neurally dissociable.

Humans are deeply affected by stories, yet it is unclear how. In this study, we explored two aspects of aesthetic experiences during narrative engagement - literariness and narrative fluctuations in appraised emotional intensity. Independent ratings of literariness and emotional intensity of two literary stories were used to predict blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal changes in 52 listeners from an existing fMRI dataset.

Reading Minds, Reading Stories: Social-Cognitive Abilities Affect the Linguistic Processing of Narrative Viewpoint.

Although various studies have shown that narrative reading draws on social-cognitive abilities, not much is known about the precise aspects of narrative processing that engage these abilities. We hypothesized that the linguistic processing of narrative viewpoint-expressed by elements that provide access to the inner world of characters-might play an important role in engaging social-cognitive abilities. Using eye tracking, we studied the effect of lexical markers of perceptual, cognitive, and emotional viewpoint on eye movements during reading of a 5,000-word narrative.

Gastric acid suppression, lifestyle factors and intestinal carriage of ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: a nationwide population-based study.

Background: Gastric acid-suppressive therapy has been suggested to increase the risk for intestinal carriage of MDR Enterobacterales, but there is scarce community-based evidence substantiating this risk.

Objectives: To investigate if acid-suppressant use is associated with a risk of intestinal carriage of ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) in the open population, and to assess possible modifying factors.

Methods: Within the framework of a nationwide seroprevalence study, we identified a population-based cross-sectional cohort comprising 2746 adults (≥18 years), who provided stool specimens between February 2016 and June 2017.

How context changes the neural basis of perception and language.

Cognitive processes-from basic sensory analysis to language understanding-are typically contextualized. While the importance of considering context for understanding cognition has long been recognized in psychology and philosophy, it has not yet had much impact on cognitive neuroscience research, where cognition is often studied in decontextualized paradigms. Here, we present examples of recent studies showing that context changes the neural basis of diverse cognitive processes, including perception, attention, memory, and language.

Distinguishing Syntactic Operations in the Brain: Dependency and Phrase-Structure Parsing.

Finding the structure of a sentence-the way its words hold together to convey meaning-is a fundamental step in language comprehension. Several brain regions, including the left inferior frontal gyrus, the left posterior superior temporal gyrus, and the left anterior temporal pole, are supposed to support this operation. The exact role of these areas is nonetheless still debated.

Narratives for Neuroscience.

People organize and convey their thoughts according to narratives. However, neuroscientists are often reluctant to incorporate narrative stimuli into their experiments. We argue that narratives deserve wider adoption in human neuroscience because they tap into the brain's native machinery for representing the world and provide rich variability for testing hypotheses.

Word skipping as an indicator of individual reading style during literary reading.

Decades of research have established that the content of language (e.g. lexical characteristics of words) predicts eye movements during reading.

Evaluation of the Association Between Gastric Acid Suppression and Risk of Intestinal Colonization With Multidrug-Resistant Microorganisms: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Acid suppressants inhibit gastric acid secretion and disrupt the intestinal microbiome. Whether acid suppression increases the risk of colonization with multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MDROs) is unclear.

Objectives: To systematically examine the association of use of acid suppressants with the risk of colonization with MDROs and to perform a meta-analysis of current evidence.

Is less readable liked better? The case of font readability in poetry appreciation.

Previous research shows conflicting findings for the effect of font readability on comprehension and memory for language. It has been found that-perhaps counterintuitively-a hard to read font can be beneficial for language comprehension, especially for difficult language. Here we test how font readability influences the subjective experience of poetry reading.

The Storytelling Brain: How Neuroscience Stories Help Bridge the Gap between Research and Society.

Active communication between researchers and society is necessary for the scientific community's involvement in developing science-based policies. This need is recognized by governmental and funding agencies that compel scientists to increase their public engagement and disseminate research findings in an accessible fashion. Storytelling techniques can help convey science by engaging people's imagination and emotions.

Frequency-specific brain dynamics related to prediction during language comprehension.

The brain's remarkable capacity to process spoken language virtually in real time requires fast and efficient information processing machinery. In this study, we investigated how frequency-specific brain dynamics relate to models of probabilistic language prediction during auditory narrative comprehension. We recorded MEG activity while participants were listening to auditory stories in Dutch.

Taking common ground into account: Specifying the role of the mentalizing network in communicative language production.

Several studies have shown that communicative language production as compared to non-communicative language production recruits parts of the mentalizing or theory of mind network, yet the exact role of this network in communication remains underspecified. In this study, we therefore aimed to test under what conditions the mentalizing network contributes to communicative language production. We were especially interested in distinguishing between situations in which speakers have to consider which information they do or do not share with their addressee (common vs.

Grounding the neurobiology of language in first principles: The necessity of non-language-centric explanations for language comprehension.

Recent decades have ushered in tremendous progress in understanding the neural basis of language. Most of our current knowledge on language and the brain, however, is derived from lab-based experiments that are far removed from everyday language use, and that are inspired by questions originating in linguistic and psycholinguistic contexts. In this paper we argue that in order to make progress, the field needs to shift its focus to understanding the neurobiology of naturalistic language comprehension.

Distinguishable memory retrieval networks for collaboratively and non-collaboratively learned information.

Learning often occurs in communicative and collaborative settings, yet almost all research into the neural basis of memory relies on participants encoding and retrieving information on their own. We investigated whether learning linguistic labels in a collaborative context at least partly relies on cognitively and neurally distinct representations, as compared to learning in an individual context. Healthy human participants learned labels for sets of abstract shapes in three different tasks.