[Watery eyes: diagnostic and therapeutic considerations].

Tear complaints can arise from either an increased tear production or from a disturbed tear drainage. Increased tear production from the lacrimal gland is a neuroregulated response to a dried out or irritated ocular surface. Dryness often results from a reduced quality of the tear film, but can also be caused by eyelid malposition with increased globe exposure.

Case series: effect of dermis-fat implants in different late onset socket problems encountered in retinoblastoma patients.

Background: Cosmetic dissatisfaction, pain, and chronic discharge may present months till years after enucleation in patients operated because of retinoblastoma. If noninvasive treatment modalities are insufficient, socket reconstruction can be considered. In this study, we discuss the results of dermis-fat exchange to treat these problems.

[Enophthalmos as a first sign of breast cancer].

Background: Metastasis of breast carcinoma to the orbit is characterized by symptoms of altered appearance and double vision. A combination of enophthalmos, ptosis and impairment of eye movements is typical. Sometimes these symptoms are the first manifestation of breast carcinoma.

Worldwide enucleation techniques and materials for treatment of retinoblastoma: an international survey.

Purpose: To investigate the current practice of enucleation with or without orbital implant for retinoblastoma in countries across the world.

Methods: A digital survey identifying operation techniques and material used for orbital implants after enucleation in patients with retinoblastoma.

Results: We received a response of 58 surgeons in 32 different countries.

Parallax-free exophthalmometry: a comprehensive review of the literature on clinical exophthalmometry and the introduction of the first parallax-free exophthalmometer.

Purpose: To present the first parallax-free exophthalmometer design.

Background: Exophthalmometry is an important clinical tool. We provide a historic overview of clinical exophthalmometer designs, and we review current problems encountered in exophthalmometry.

Orbital rhabdomyosarcomas: A review.

Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a highly malignant tumor and is one of the few life-threatening diseases that present first to the ophthalmologist. It is the most common soft-tissue sarcoma of the head and neck in childhood with 10% of all cases occurring in the orbit. RMS has been reported from birth to the seventh decade, with the majority of cases presenting in early childhood.