Interobserver delineation variation in lung tumour stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Objectives: In radiotherapy, delineation uncertainties are important as they contribute to systematic errors and can lead to geographical miss of the target. For margin computation, standard deviations (SDs) of all uncertainties must be included as SDs. The aim of this study was to quantify the interobserver delineation variation for stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) of peripheral lung tumours using a cross-sectional study design.

Measuring cost efficiency in the Nordic hospitals--a cross-sectional comparison of public hospitals in 2002.

The aim of this study was to compare the performance of hospital care in four Nordic countries: Norway, Finland, Sweden and Denmark. Using national discharge registries and cost data from hospitals, cost efficiency in the production of somatic hospital care was calculated for public hospitals. Data were collected using harmonized definitions of inputs and outputs for 184 hospitals and data envelopment analysis was used to calculate Farrell efficiency estimates for the year 2002.

Intracellular Ca2+ responses and cell volume regulation upon cholinergic and purinergic stimulation in an immortalized salivary cell line.

The water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) seems to play a key role in salivary fluid secretion and appears to be critical in the cell volume regulation of acinar cells. Recently, the cation channel transient potential vanilloid receptor 4 (TRPV4) was shown to be functionally connected to AQP5 and also to cell volume regulation in salivary glands. We used the Simian virus 40 (SV40) immortalized cell line SMG C10 from the rat submandibular salivary gland to investigate the effect of ATP and the neurotransmitter analogue carbachol on Ca(2+) signalling and cell volume regulation, as well as the involvement of TRPV4 in the responses.

Signal transduction and gene transcription induced by TFF3 in oral keratinocytes.

Trefoil factor family 3 (TFF3) is secreted in saliva. The peptide improves the mechanical and chemical resistance of mucins, and it may act as a motility signal for oral keratinocytes during wound healing. This study aimed to identify novel functions of TFF3 in oral keratinocytes.

The Danish Prevention Register. A comprehensive health and socio-economic, individual based register.

The Danish Prevention Register has been created recently as a very comprehensive national individual based register, based on register linkage. The Prevention Register currently comprises eight registers, which have been linked together using the unique personal identification number. The register contains data from 1977 and onwards.

The effects of sodium lauryl sulfate on the phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation from the rat.

The time period to 50% inhibition of the twitches and compound action potential of the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation with sodium lauryl sulfate (2.5 x 10(-4)-5.0 x 10(-3)M) was recorded.

Effects of triclosan on the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation.

It has been reported that the lipid soluble, anti-inflammatory drug triclosan, which is currently used in toothpastes and mouthrinses, may reduce pain. This may be an aspect of the anti-inflammatory effect of triclosan, which probably reduces the production of prostaglandin PGE2. However, triclosan may also exhibit a direct analgesic effect through an effect on excitable membranes.

Inhibitory effects of HgCl2 on excitation-secretion coupling at the motor nerve terminal and excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle cell.

1. Indirect and direct twitch (0.1-Hz) stimulation of the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm disclosed that the inhibitory effect of HgCl2, 3.

An inhibitory effect of veratridine during tetanic stimulation of the rat diaphragm.

The membrane 'labilizer' veratridine (3.7 x 10(-5) M) which potentiates the contractions at twitch (0.1 Hz) stimulation due to multiple discharges, inhibited the tetanic contractions (50 Hz in 10 s) and the simultaneously recorded electromyogram in a use-dependent way, leading to fading of tetanic tension.

Effects of chlorhexidine on the isolated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation.

Dose-dependent inhibitory effect of chlorhexidine (2.5 x 10(-5)-5.0 x 10(-4) g/ml on neuromuscular transmission were localized by tension and electromyogram recording during indirect stimulation.

Excitation-contraction uncoupling in the rat diaphragm by 2,3-butanedione monoxime.

2,3-Butanedione monoxime (BDM), 0.5-12.5 mM, inhibited the twitches rapidly and reversibly in the rat diaphragm.

Comparison of the effects of mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride on the isolated phrenic nerve and on the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation from the rat.

This study compared the effects of HgCl(2) and CH(3)HgCl on the compound action potential of the isolated rat phrenic nerve and the twitch contractions of rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations during direct and indirect stimulation. Both HgCl(2) and CH(3)HgCl, at a concentration of 3.7 x 10(-5)m, inhibited the twitches during indirect stimulation.

Inhibitory effect of dicumarol on the excitability of the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle.

Dicumarol (7.5 x 10(-6) M -7.5 x 10(-5) M) inhibited the twitches and the simultaneously recorded electromyogram of the indirectly stimulated rat diaphragm preparation.

Separate sites for the dantrolene-induced inhibition of contracture of the rat diaphragm preparation due to depolarization or to caffeine.

Addition of dantrolene 8.5 x 10(-5) M caused a mono-exponential decay of the depolarization contractures caused by inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na,K-ATPase with propranolol 1 mM or by depolarization of the sarcolemma and T tubular membranes with KCl 100 mM. The half-times of the inhibitory effects were 6 s for the propranolol contracture and 11 s for the KCl contracture.

Selective potentiation of subtetanic and tetanic contractions by the calcium-channel antagonist nifedipine in the rat diaphragm preparation.

1. Nifedipine (1.5-3.

Effects of the sulphydryl inhibitor N-ethyl-maleimide on the phrenic nerve and diaphragm muscle of the rat.

N-Ethyl-maleimide (NEM, 2.5 x 10(-5) M) inhibited the compound action potential of the phrenic nerve and increased the spontaneous release of transmitter from the nerve terminals, recorded as miniature endplate potentials. The first effect was the cause of a blockade of the phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation, during indirect stimulation.

The effects of tetraethylammonium during twitch and tetanic stimulation of the phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation in the rat.

Tetraethylammonium (TEA) (2.6 x 10(-3) M) potentiated the twitches of the indirectly- or directly-stimulated phrenic nerve diaphragm of the rat at 37 degrees C by prolonging the action potential of the sarcolemma, due to an inhibition of the repolarizing K+ current. With indirect stimulation, TEA caused a use-dependent inhibition of tetanic contractions, induced every 10 min by 10 sec of 50 Hz stimulation, and a post-tetanic depression of the twitches was observed after about 40 min.

Ca antagonistic and non-specific effects of diltiazem on the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation.

The calcium antagonist diltiazem (2.8 X 10(-4) M) blocked the twitches of a rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation after a period of twitch potentiation. Its ability to block twitches was greater during indirect than direct stimulation.

Effects of dantrolene on twitch and tetanic contractions of the rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation.

The inhibitory efficiency of the muscle-relaxing drug dantrolene (1.5-7.5 x 10(-5) M) decreases when the stimulus frequency to the muscle increases.

Fatigue during continuous 20 Hz stimulation of the rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation.

The site and mechanism of action of fatigue was investigated in the isolated rat phrenic nerve diaphragm preparation, with indirect and direct stimulation at 20 Hz and recording of tension and EMG. An equal decay of the subtetanic tension during indirect and direct stimulation, and a parallel decay of tension and EMG, suggested a mechanism of fatigue localized to structures that were 'seen' by the EMG electrodes. A comparison of the responses to sub- and supra-maximum direct stimulation did not show increased fatigue at sub-maximum stimulation.

Effects of formaldehyde on the isolated phrenic nerve and the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat, in vitro.

Formaldehyde, 0.5-4.5 mM, increased the threshold for electrical excitation of the nerve, and led to a partial and reversible inhibition of the compound action potential (cAP).

Effects of eugenol on rat phrenic nerve and phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparations.

The compound-action potential (cAP) of the nerve evoked at 1 Hz was reversibly inhibited and the threshold for nerve stimulation increased between 0.065 and 0.97 mM eugenol.

Inhibition by local anaesthetic drugs at low and high stimulation frequencies. A comparison between the isolated phrenic nerve of the rat and the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation.

The effects of lidocaine (0.25 mM), prilocaine (0.3 mM), diphenylhydantoin (0.

Caffeine-induced blockade of neuromuscular transmission and its reversal by dantrolene sodium.

Caffeine, 10(2) M, blocked the indirectly stimulated rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation at 37 degrees C. Dantrolene, above 2.25 x 10(-7) M, reversed the blockade.

Neurotoxic effects of root filling materials on rat phrenic nerve in vitro.

Inhibitory effects of root filling materials on the conduction of action potentials evoked in rat phrenic nerves were evaluated in vitro. Endomethasone and N2 Normal completely and irreversibly inhibited conductance; ProcoSol caused complete but reversible inhibition; Kloroperka N-O caused total inhibition which was sometimes reversed; and AH26 and Diaket showed partial inhibition which was partially reversible.