Development of a P magnetic resonance spectroscopy technique to quantify NADH and NAD at 3 T.

NADH and NAD act as electron donors and acceptors and NAD was shown to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic health. We here develop a non-invasive Phosphorous Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (P-MRS) method to quantify these metabolites in human skeletal muscle on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner. This new MR-sequence enables NADH and NAD+ quantification by suppressing α-ATP signal, normally overlapping with NADH and NAD.

Invasive and noninvasive markers of human skeletal muscle mitochondrial function.

Mitochondria are organelles that fuel cellular energy requirements by ATP formation via aerobic metabolism. Given the wide variety of methods to assess skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity, we tested how well different invasive and noninvasive markers of skeletal muscle mitochondrial capacity reflect mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized muscle fibers. Nineteen young men (mean age: 24 ± 4 years) were recruited, and a muscle biopsy was collected to determine mitochondrial respiration from permeabilized muscle fibers and to quantify markers of mitochondrial capacity, content such as citrate synthase (CS) activity, mitochondrial DNA copy number, TOMM20, VDAC, and protein content for complex I-V of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system.

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial inertia is associated with carnitine acetyltransferase activity and physical function in humans.

BACKGROUNDAt the onset of exercise, the speed at which phosphocreatine (PCr) decreases toward a new steady state (PCr on-kinetics) reflects the readiness to activate mitochondrial ATP synthesis, which is secondary to Acetyl-CoA availability in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that PCr on-kinetics are slower in metabolically compromised and older individuals and are associated with low carnitine acetyltransferase (CrAT) protein activity and compromised physical function.METHODSWe applied 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) to assess PCr on-kinetics in 2 cohorts of volunteers.

Exercise training elicits superior metabolic effects when performed in the afternoon compared to morning in metabolically compromised humans.

The circadian clock and metabolism are tightly intertwined. Hence, the specific timing of interventions that target metabolic changes may affect their efficacy. Here we retrospectively compared the metabolic health effects of morning versus afternoon exercise training in metabolically compromised subjects enrolled in a 12-week exercise training program.

Diurnal Regulation of Peripheral Glucose Metabolism: Potential Effects of Exercise Timing.

Diurnal oscillations in energy metabolism are linked to the activity of biological clocks and contribute to whole-body glucose homeostasis. Postprandially, skeletal muscle takes up approximately 80% of circulatory glucose and hence is a key organ in maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Dysregulation of molecular clock components in skeletal muscle disrupts whole-body glucose homeostasis.

Heart Rate During an Exercise Test and Acute High-intensity Interval Training in Type 2 Diabetes.

To describe and compare the acute heart rate changes during an incremental exercise test and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in subjects of different glucose control. Seventy-five adults were allocated into three groups: Normoglycaemic (NG, 32), Pre- (PreT2D, 30) and Type 2 diabetic (T2D, 13) subjects. Subjects performed an incremental cycling test to determine cardiorespiratory fitness (VOmax), maximum heart rate (HRmax) and HR recovery post maximal effort, as well as a HIIT cycling session.

Gender differences in blood pressure and body composition in schoolchildren ascendants from Amerindian and European.

In spite of there are a wide knowledge of the prevalence of hypertension in adult, there is poor information on schoolchildren of different ethnicity and gender. To compare the levels of blood pressure and other cardiometabolic risk factors for hypertension between schoolchildren of different gender and ethnicity. In a cross-sectional study, 540 schoolchildren (6-13 years) ascendants from a Chilean public school population were analysed by ethnicity and gender in four groups (Mapuches = 55; European boys = 199, and Mapuches = 64, and European girls = 222).

[Effects of high intensity interval training on blood pressure in hypertensive subjects].

Background: Exercise training may reduce blood pressure.

Aim: To determine the effects of a high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise protocol on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in hypertensive subjects.

Material And Methods: Eleven men and 27 women aged 46.

Efficient Bioconversion of High Concentration Phytosterol Microdispersion to 4-Androstene-3,17-Dione (AD) by Mycobacterium sp. B3805.

Low solubility of sterols in aqueous media limits efficient steroid production mediated by biocatalytic microorganisms such as Mycobacterium. Sterol emulsion technologies have been developed with low success rates, largely due to the complexity of generating stable and bioavailable particles. In this study, several aqueous dispersions of sterols in-water of different particle sizes were bioconverted to 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) in a solvent-free environment, using a classic microorganism Mycobacterium sp.

Production and Biotransformation of Phytosterol Microdispersions to Produce 4-Androstene-3,17-Dione.

The current state of knowledge regarding phytosterols biotransformation to produce the steroid intermediate 4-androstene-3,17-dione (AD) shows different technologies. However, the initial concentration of phytosterols in batch cultures is limited due to its low solubility in aqueous media, causing serious difficulties for scaling up because of the low mass transfer. In this chapter, we describe a fermentation method of a phytosterol microdispersion with Mycobacterium sp.

Rosa Mosqueta Oil Prevents Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through the Upregulation of PPAR-α and NRF2 in C57BL/6J Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet.

Rosa mosqueta (RM) oil is characterized by high concentrations of antioxidants and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3). We have previously demonstrated in male C57BL/6J mice that RM decreases hepatic steatosis, a condition strongly associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. We studied the molecular mechanisms that underlie the role of RM in preventing high-fat diet (HFD)-induced oxidative stress and inflammation.

Effects of rosa mosqueta oil supplementation in lipogenic markers associated with prevention of liver steatosis.

Rosa mosqueta (RM) oil is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) - a precursor of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and it has a high antioxidant activity due to its abundant content of tocopherols. Additionally, it has been observed that RM oil administration prevents hepatic steatosis. Thus, the aim of this study was to demonstrate the antilipogenic mechanism related to RM oil administration in a high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice model by evaluating markers associated with the regulation of lipid droplet metabolism (PLIN2, PLIN5 and PPAR-γ), and proteins associated with lipogenesis (FAS and SREBP-1c).

[Effects of 12 sessions of high intensity intermittent training and nutrition counseling on body fat in obese and overweight participants].

Background: The search of efficient exercise alternatives to treat obesity is worthwhile.

Aim: To demonstrate the effect of high intensity intermittent exercise on body fat reduction in overweight and obese subjects.

Material And Methods: A group of 65 overweight and obese adult subjects (25 men), aged 18-65 years, participated during 12 sessions in a high intensity physical exercise program, 3 days/week.

Changes in the heart rate recovery to endurance effort after high intensity interval, strength, and concurrent exercise training in patients with insulin resistance.

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the effects of three exercise training programs in the adaptation of the heart rate recovery of patients with insulin resistance.

Methods: We studied 43 women with insulin resistance, which were assigned to three training groups: 1) high intensity interval training (HIT, age 39.0±10 years); 2) strength training (ST, age 33.

[High intensity interval training improves glycemic control and aerobic capacity in glucose intolerant patients].

Background: Proper exercise training modifies intra miocellular energy utilization, glucose transport and mitochondrial biogenesis.

Aim: To determine the therapeutic effects of a high intensity intermittent training (HIIT) program on glucose homeostasis, physical fitness and body fat in glucose intolerant patients.

Patients And Methods: Eighteen patients with overweight or obesity and glucose intolerance were invited to participate in an exercise program consisting in three sessions per week for 3 months.

Effect of manganese on the secretion of manganese-peroxidase by the basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.

The ligninolytic machinery of the widely used model fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora includes the enzymes manganese-peroxidase (MnP) and laccase (Lcs). In this work the effect of Mn(II) on the secretion of MnP was studied. Cultures grown in the absence of Mn(II) showed high levels of mnp transcripts.

Hydroquinone and HO differentially affect the ultrastructure and expression of ligninolytic genes in the basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.

The biodegradation of lignin is a highly oxidative process in which various oxidases and peroxidases play a major role. During lignin decay, the generation of aromatic compounds and reactive oxygen species leads to oxidative stress. In this work, the effect of the oxidative compounds H(2)O(2) and hydroquinone in the ligninolytic fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was studied, both at the ultrastructural and at the transcriptional level.

Expression of genes encoding laccase and manganese-dependent peroxidase in the fungus Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is mediated by an ACE1-like copper-fist transcription factor.

The effect of copper on the expression of genes encoding the ligninolytic enzymes laccase (lcs) and manganese peroxidase (mnp) in Ceriporiopsis subvermispora was evaluated. This metal increased transcript levels of lcs, mnp1 and mnp2. This finding was not unexpected in the case of lcs, since its promoter contains a putative ACE element.