Multimorbidity patterns, sociodemographic characteristics, and mortality: Data science insights from low-resource settings.

Multimorbidity data is typically analysed by tallying disease counts, which overlooks nuanced relationships among conditions. We identified clusters of multimorbidity and subpopulations with varying risks and examined their association with all-cause mortality using a data-driven approach. We analysed 8-year follow-up data of people ≥35 years who were part of the CRONICAS Cohort Study, a multisite cohort from Peru.

Data for population-based health analytics: the Cohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean.

Objective: We describe the daily operations of the Cohorts Consortium of Latin America and the Caribbean (CC-LAC), detailing the resources required and offering tips to Caribbean researchers so this guide can be used to start a data pooling project.

Methods: The CC-LAC began by developing a steering committee - that is, a team of regional experts who guided the project's set up and operations. The Consortium invites investigators who agree to share individual-level data about topics of interest to become members and they then have input into the project's goals and operations; they are also invited to coauthor papers.

Association of chronic pain with incidence and progression of cardiometabolic multimorbidity in middle-aged and older populations: a multicohort study.

Introduction: Chronic pain is associated with single cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). Less is known about the association of chronic pain with the co-occurrence of multiple CMDs, known as cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM).

Objectives: This study aims to examine the association between chronic pain and incidence of CMM and if it existed, to what extent chronic pain relates to the progression of specific CMD-related multimorbidity (MM).

Longitudinal transitions of the double burden of overweight and stunting from childhood to early adulthood in India, Peru, and Vietnam.

Background: Examining trajectories of undernutrition and overnutrition separately limits understanding of the double burden of malnutrition. We investigated transitions between normal, stunting, overweight and concurrent stunting and overweight (CSO) and associations with sociodemographic factors in children and adolescents.

Methods: We used data from the Young Lives cohort in India, Peru and Vietnam, which follow children 1-15 (N = 5413) and 8-22 years (N = 2225) over five rounds between 2002 and 2016.

Diurnal patterns of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sleep and risk of all-cause mortality: a follow-up of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).

Background: Physical activity and sleep are established modifiable lifestyle factors, but the optimal time of the day of these behaviours for health is unknown. This study examined the independent and joint associations of diurnal patterns of physical activity and sleep with all-cause mortality.

Methods: This prospective cohort study included 6,673 participants who have attended the accelerometer assessment in the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES).

Eligibility for obesity management in Peru: Analysis of National Health Surveys from 2014 to 2022.

Background: The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased fastest in low- and middle-income countries in the last decades. Together with this rising prevalence, pharmacological and surgical interventions for obesity have emerged. How many people need these treatments is unknown.

Bidirectional Associations Between Cardiometabolic Multimorbidity and Depression and Mediation of Lifestyles: A Multicohort Study.

Background: Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) and depression are major health concerns, and the onset of either condition may heighten the risk of developing the other.

Objectives: The goal of this study was to characterize the reciprocal associations between CMM and depression among middle-aged and older adults.

Methods: This multicohort study used harmonized data from 5 prospective cohorts from China, South Korea, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Europe.

Estimating the prevalence, factors, and conditions associated with Parkinson disease: a population-based study in Peru.

This study aimed to estimate the population-based Parkinson disease prevalence, and to explore potentially associated factors and conditions. A population-based survey was conducted in Northern Peru. Symptoms compatible with Parkinson's were defined using a validated Spanish questionnaire (≥ 42 points suggest Parkinson's).

Associations between socioeconomic inequalities and progression to psychological and cognitive multimorbidities after onset of a physical condition: a multicohort study.

Background: Chronic physical conditions (e.g., heart diseases, diabetes) increase with population ageing, contributing to psychological and cognitive multimorbidities.

Cardiovascular predicted risk: A population-based comparison of the pooled cohorts equation and PREVENT.

Background: While the new cardiovascular risk score (PREVENT) has improvements, its implementation may lead to significant changes in the distribution of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) in the United States. We aimed to quantify and characterize the distribution of the 10-year predicted absolute ASCVD risk using the Pooled Cohorts Equation (PCE) and PREVENT.

Methods: We utilized the latest (2017-March 2020) round of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

Epidemiology of cardiometabolic health in Latin America and strategies to address disparities.

In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), sociodemographic context, socioeconomic disparities and the high level of urbanization provide a unique entry point to reflect on the burden of cardiometabolic disease in the region. Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in LAC, precipitated by population growth and ageing together with a rapid increase in the prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors, predominantly obesity and diabetes mellitus, over the past four decades. Strategies to address this growing cardiometabolic burden include both population-wide and individual-based initiatives tailored to the specific challenges faced by different LAC countries, which are heterogeneous.

Recognition of Patient Gender: A Machine Learning Preliminary Analysis Using Heart Sounds from Children and Adolescents.

Research has shown that X-rays and fundus images can classify gender, age group, and race, raising concerns about bias and fairness in medical AI applications. However, the potential for physiological sounds to classify sociodemographic traits has not been investigated. Exploring this gap is crucial for understanding the implications and ensuring fairness in the field of medical sound analysis.

Multimorbidity and acute infectious diseases in urban and semi-urban settings in Peru: A mixed-methods study.

Background: The co-occurrence of chronic diseases and acute infectious events exacerbates disability and diminishes quality of life, yet research in Low- and Middle-Income countries is scarce. We aimed to investigate the relationship between infectious events and multimorbidity in resource-constrained settings.

Methods: We conducted a sequential mixed-method study in Lima and Tumbes, Peru, with participants having multimorbidity from the CRONICAS Cohort Study.

A multimodal approach using fundus images and text meta-data in a machine learning classifier with embeddings to predict years with self-reported diabetes - An exploratory analysis.

Aims: Machine learning models can use image and text data to predict the number of years since diabetes diagnosis; such model can be applied to new patients to predict, approximately, how long the new patient may have lived with diabetes unknowingly. We aimed to develop a model to predict self-reported diabetes duration.

Methods: We used the Brazilian Multilabel Ophthalmological Dataset.

Compliance with eye and foot preventive care in people with self-reported diabetes in Latin America and the Caribbean: Pooled, cross-sectional analysis of nine national surveys.

Aims: To estimate the proportion of people with self-reported diabetes receiving eye and foot examinations in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC).

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of national health surveys in nine countries. Adults aged 25-64 years with self-reported diabetes.

Vulnerable newborn phenotypes in Peru: a population-based study of 3,841,531 births at national and subnational levels from 2012 to 2021.

Background: We aimed to examine the national and subnational prevalence of vulnerable newborn phenotypes in Peru, 2012-2021.

Methods: Newborn phenotypes were defined using gestational age (preterm [PT], term [T]), birthweight for gestational age using INTERGROWTH-21st standards (small for gestational age [SGA], appropriate for gestational age [AGA] or large for gestational age [LGA]), and birthweight (low birthweight [LBW], non-LBW) using the Peruvian National Birth Registry as six (by excluding birthweight) and ten newborn phenotypes (using all three outcomes). Small phenotypes (with at least one classification of PT, SGA, or LBW) were further considered.

Number of People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in 2035 and 2050: A Modelling Study in 188 Countries.

Introduction: Future demographic changes will increase the number of people living with non-communicable diseases. We projected the number of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in 2035 and 2050 at the global and country levels.

Methods: We pooled T2DM prevalence estimates from the Global Burden of Disease Study and population estimates from the United Nations for 188 countries.

Socioeconomic inequalities in physical, psychological, and cognitive multimorbidity in middle-aged and older adults in 33 countries: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Many physical, psychological, and cognitive disorders are highly clustered among populations with low socioeconomic status. However, the extent to which socioeconomic status is associated with different combinations of these disorders is unclear, particularly outside high-income countries. We aimed to evaluate these associations in 33 countries including high-income countries, upper-middle-income countries, and one lower-middle-income country.

Cardiometabolic risk profile of young and old adults with diabetes: Pooled, cross-sectional analysis of 42 national health surveys.

Aims: To compare levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in young and old adults with diabetes.

Methods: Pooled analysis of 42 STEPS Surveys (n = 133,717). Diabetes was defined as self-reported diagnosis or fasting plasma glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl.

Global Effect of Modifiable Risk Factors on Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality.

Background: Five modifiable risk factors are associated with cardiovascular disease and death from any cause. Studies using individual-level data to evaluate the regional and sex-specific prevalence of the risk factors and their effect on these outcomes are lacking.

Methods: We pooled and harmonized individual-level data from 112 cohort studies conducted in 34 countries and 8 geographic regions participating in the Global Cardiovascular Risk Consortium.

Association of birth and childhood weight with risk of chronic diseases and multimorbidity in adulthood.

Background: Little is known about the relationship between early life body size and occurrence of life-course multiple chronic diseases (multimorbidity). We aim to evaluate associations of birth weight, childhood body size, and their changes with the risks of chronic diseases and multimorbidity.

Methods: This prospective cohort study included 246,495 UK Biobank participants (aged 40-69 years) who reported birth weight and childhood body size at 10 years old.