Latin American consensus recommendations for the management and treatment of patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD).

Unlabelled: Despite the abundance of literature on treatment-resistant depression (TRD), there is no universally accepted definition of TRD, and available treatment pathways for the management of TRD vary across the Latin American region, highlighting the need for a uniform definition and treatment principles to optimize the management of TRD in Latin America.

Methods: Following a thematic literature review and pre-meeting survey, a Latin America expert panel comprising 14 psychiatrists with clinical experience in managing patients with TRD convened and utilized the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method to develop consensus-based recommendations on the appropriate definition of TRD and principles for its management.

Results: The expert panel agreed that 'treatment-resistant depression' (TRD) is defined as 'failure of two drug treatments of adequate doses, for 4-8 weeks duration with adequate adherence, during a major depressive episode'.

Tig1 regulates proximo-distal identity during salamander limb regeneration.

Salamander limb regeneration is an accurate process which gives rise exclusively to the missing structures, irrespective of the amputation level. This suggests that cells in the stump have an awareness of their spatial location, a property termed positional identity. Little is known about how positional identity is encoded, in salamanders or other biological systems.

Prevalence and Impact of Treatment-Resistant Depression in Latin America: a Prospective, Observational Study.

Approximately one-third of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The TRAL study will evaluate the prevalence and impact of TRD among patients with MDD in four Latin American countries. In this multicenter, prospective, observational study, patients with MDD were recruited from 33 reference sites in Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, and Argentina.

[Low-risk alcohol drinking limits based on associated mortality.].

Background: Alcohol is associated with all-cause mortality increase. However, when this increase takes place has not been clearly established. The objective of this study was to establish the levels of alcohol consumption that can be considered low risk for overall mortality.

[Autonomy and heteronomy, a necessary alliance to address smoking cessation. Views of professionals and patients].

Objective: To explore the perception of professionals and patients with regard to ethical issues involved in addressing the habit of smoking in primary care consultations.

Method: A qualitative study was designed, consisting of 12 semi-structured interviews with professionals, 7 interviews with patients and 2 focus groups with 6 professionals and 7 primary care patients (a total of 32 participants). An intentional sampling was conducted, including profiles of professionals and patients of both sexes, different ages and experience in relation to smoking.

Smokefree legislation effects on respiratory and sensory disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Aims: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to synthesize the available evidence in scientific papers of smokefree legislation effects on respiratory diseases and sensory and respiratory symptoms (cough, phlegm, red eyes, runny nose) among all populations.

Materials And Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out. A search between January 1995 and February 2015 was performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases.

[Impact of the new smoke-free legislation (law 42/2010) on levels of second-hand smoke in hospitality venues].

Objective: To evaluate pollution by second-hand smoke in a sample of hospitality venues before and after the implementation of smoke-free legislation.

Methods: A cross sectional, before-after study was conducted in 2008 and 2011 after the total ban. A SidePack Aerosol monitor was used both inside and outside the hospitality venues to measure fine breathable particles (PM2.

[Study of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone ER in Pacients with Schizophrenia who Have Undergone Inefficient Treatment with other Antipsychotics].

Background: Extended-release (ER) paliperidone is an innovative atypical antipsychotic that allows minimal peak-to-through fluctuations with once-daily dosing.

Objective: To evaluate effectiveness, safety and tolerability of flexible, once-daily doses of paliperidone ER (3-12 mg/day) in patients with schizophrenia from Argentina and Colombia who had previously failed treatment with other antipsychotic agents.

Methods: The authors conducted a 6-month, open-label, prospective and multicentric study.

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to assess prevention of mood episodes with risperidone long-acting injectable in patients with bipolar I disorder.

The efficacy and safety of risperidone long-acting injectable (LAI) for preventing recurrence of mood episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder was evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled study. After a 12-week open-label period with risperidone LAI (n=560), patients who did not experience a recurrence entered an 18-month randomized, double-blind period with risperidone LAI (n=132) or placebo (n=135); a third treatment arm (n=131) was randomized to oral olanzapine (10 mg/day) for reference and exploratory comparisons. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to recurrence of any mood episode for risperidone LAI versus placebo in the double-blind period (Kaplan-Meier analysis).

[Psychopharmacological treatment of bipolar disorder in Latin American].

Objective: This study assessed the treatment preferences among Latin-American psychiatrists for their bipolar disorder patients and if these preferences reflect the current guidelines.

Methods: We designed a survey comprised of fourteen questions. All the questions were aimed at the treatment of bipolar I patients only.

Measurement of fine breathable particles (PM(2.5)) as a marker of environmental smoke in catering establishments in Zaragoza.

Objective: To estimate the levels of small breathable suspended particles (PM(2.5)) as atmospheric markers of environmental tobacco smoke in catering establishments in Zaragoza, Spain.

Material And Method: An observational study was conducted between October 2006 and April 2008 in various catering establishments in Zaragoza.

Clinical outcomes of long-acting injectable risperidone in patients with schizophrenia: six-month follow-up from the Electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry in Latin America.

Background: Risperidone long-acting injection (RLAI) has been shown to be efficacious, improve compliance, and increase long-term retention rate on therapy. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of RLAI on clinical outcome and hospitalization rate in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder enrolled in the electronic Schizophrenia Treatment Adherence Registry in Latin America.

Methods: Data were collected at baseline, retrospectively for the 12 months prior to baseline, and prospectively every three months for 24 months.

[Strategies for reducing risks in smoking: opportunity or threat].

The smoking control policies recommended by the World Health Organisation have achieved a slight decrease in smoking prevalence in the developed countries, although associated mortality is still very high. The use of tobacco products other than cigarettes and even medicinal nicotine (known as nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)) has been proposed as a risk reduction strategy. Among the tobacco products with less individual risk than cigarettes would be any type of tobacco without smoke (smokeless) with a low content in nitrosamines and modified cigarettes; both forms included under the PREP (Potentially Reduced Exposure Products) concept.

[Prognostic factors for schizophrenia during first psychotic episode].

Objective: Reviewing the available literature regarding prognosis for first psychotic episode for developing schizophrenia.

Method: A systematic review of studies which have evaluated prognostic determinants for the first psychotic episode and its relationship to schizophrenia was made.

Results: 161 articles were reviewed which fulfilled the search criteria and which were adjusted to the purpose of the study.

[Lessons learned from tobacco control in Spain].

The growing involvement in Spain by civil society in the demand for tobacco control policies has been notable. The basis for the creation of the National Committee for Tobacco Prevention was established in 2004. At the end of that year, an intensive intervention was aimed at specifying, in law, the regulatory actions in the National Plan for Tobacco Prevention.

[Spain's process of passing effective smoking prevention legislation].

The prevention movement has been the key agent involved in smoking control policies. This study describes the context and the process in which Law 28/2005 was passed in Spain with a synthesis of its substance. It provides the background of the events leading up to Spain's current smoking control law in addition to an analysis of the role played by the different social actors in the process and the arguments and strategies employed in opposition by the tobacco industry.