Differences in body composition and energy expenditure in prepubertal children born term or preterm appropriate or small for gestational age.

Small size at birth may result from fetal undernutrition which may occur at different times during gestation. Early postnatal catch-up growth and excess childhood weight gain are associated with an increased risk of adult cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to assess the relative contributions of body composition and energy expenditure on fasting insulin sensitivity during late childhood.

Adrenarche in Prader-Willi syndrome appears not related to insulin sensitivity and serum adiponectin.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder characterized by dysmorphic features, obesity, hypogonadism, hypotonia and mental retardation. Obesity has been linked to insulin resistance and the latter has also been associated with premature adrenarche. Since up to date a controlled study to investigate adrenarche and its hormonal regulation was lacking in PWS, our aim was to assess whether prepubertal PWS patients develop premature adrenarche and its relationship with markers of insulin sensitivity.

Longitudinal changes in insulin-like growth factor-I, insulin sensitivity, and secretion from birth to age three years in small-for-gestational-age children.

Introduction: Insulin resistance (IR) develops as early as age 1 to 3 yr in small for gestational age (SGA) infants who show rapid catch-up postnatal weight gain. In contrast, greater insulin secretion is related to infancy height gains. We hypothesized that IGF-I levels could be differentially related to gains in length and weight and also differentially related to IR and insulin secretion.

Ovarian function during puberty in girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus: response to leuprolide.

Context: An increased prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been reported in adult women with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). We investigated whether these hormonal abnormalities begin during puberty by evaluating the ovarian steroidogenic response to leuprolide acetate.

Methods: We studied 56 adolescent girls with DM1 (aged 12.

Ponderal gain, waist-to-hip ratio, and pubertal development in girls with type-1 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: We assessed pubertal development, height, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), an index of central adiposity during puberty, in girls with type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), compared to a contemporary control group.

Methods: Pubertal development, weight, height and WHR were studied in 100 pubertal girls with T1DM, and were compared to a control group of 576 normal girls (C), recruited from schools with a similar socioeconomic level and ethnicity. The age of onset of various pubertal stages was estimated by using probit analysis.

[Age of pubertal events in Chilean school age girls and its relationship with socioeconomic status and body mass index].

Background: Recent studies in the United States have demonstrated that a significant proportion of girls show thelarche before the age of eight years. Nutritional status, geographic influences and racial factors are known to affect the timing of puberty.

Aim: To evaluate the age of onset of puberty, development of secondary sexual characteristics and menarche in Chilean girls, and its relation to obesity and socioeconomic status.

Determinants of insulin sensitivity and secretion in very-low-birth-weight children.

In prepubertal children, low birth weight is related to reduced insulin sensitivity, particularly if a history of rapid postnatal weight gain is present. We sought to determine whether these associations were also evident in premature, very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) children. We studied 60 VLBW prepubertal children aged 5-7 yr (mean age 5.

Insulin sensitivity and secretion are related to catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age infants at age 1 year: results from a prospective cohort.

Strong associations between low birth weight and insulin resistance have been described. However, most of these studies have been retrospective. We aimed to determine whether infants born small for gestational age (SGA: birth weight <5th percentile for gestational age) have decreased insulin sensitivity, compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA: birth weight >10th percentile) at 1 yr of age.

Glucose and lipid metabolism in small for gestational age infants at 48 hours of age.

Objective: To study the consequences of low birth weight on glucose and lipid metabolism 48 hours after delivery.

Methods: We studied 136 small for gestational age (SGA) and 34 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) term neonates who were born in Santiago, Chile. Prefeeding venous blood was obtained 48 hours after birth for determination of glucose, free fatty acids, beta-hydroxy butyrate, insulin, C-peptide, leptin, sex hormone-binding globulin, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1), and cortisol.

Pregnancy hormones prevent diabetes and reduce lymphocytic infiltration of islets in the NOD mouse.

Pregnancy is associated with a depression of the immune inflammatory system, and with increased growth and function of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. We monitored glucosuria, blood glucose concentration, and lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets in 30 female, 10-wk-old, pre-diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice divided into 3 treatment groups for 13 wk: group 1, saline; group 2, pregnancy hormones (dexamethasone 4 mg/Kg/day, progesterone 1.7 mg/Kg/day, growth hormone 0.