Male and female WorldSID and post mortem human subject responses in full-scale vehicle tests.

Objective: This study compares the responses of male and female WorldSID dummies with post mortem human subject (PMHS) responses in full-scale vehicle tests.

Methods: Tests were conducted according to the FMVSS-214 protocols and using the U.S.

Oblique Loading in Post Mortem Human Surrogates from Vehicle Lateral Impact Tests using Chestbands.

While numerous studies have been conducted to determine side impact responses of Post Mortem Human Surrogates (PMHS) using sled and other equipment, experiments using the biological surrogate in modern full-scale vehicles are not available. The present study investigated the presence of oblique loading in moving deformable barrier and pole tests. Threepoint belt restrained PMHS were positioned in the left front and left rear seats in the former and left front seat in the latter condition and tested according to consumer testing protocols.

Injuries in Full-Scale Vehicle Side Impact Moving Deformable Barrier and Pole Tests Using Postmortem Human Subjects.

Objective: To conduct near-side moving deformable barrier (MDB) and pole tests with postmortem human subjects (PMHS) in full-scale modern vehicles, document and score injuries, and examine the potential for angled chest loading in these tests to serve as a data set for dummy biofidelity evaluations and computational modeling.

Methods: Two PMHS (outboard left front and rear seat occupants) for MDB and one PMHS (outboard left front seat occupant) for pole tests were used. Both tests used sedan-type vehicles from same manufacturer with side airbags.

Case series analysis of hindfoot injuries sustained by drivers in frontal motor vehicle crashes.

Improvements to vehicle frontal crashworthiness have led to reductions in toe pan and instrument panel intrusions as well as leg, foot, and ankle loadings in standardized crash tests. Current field data, however, suggests the proportion of foot and ankle injuries sustained by drivers in frontal crashes has not decreased over the past two decades. To explain the inconsistency between crash tests results and real world lower limb injury prevalence, this study investigated the injury causation scenario for the specific hind-foot injury patterns observed in frontal vehicle crashes.

Crash characteristics and injury patterns of restrained front seat occupants in far-side impacts.

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the association between vehicle-, crash-, and demographic-related factors and injuries to front seat far-side occupants in modern environments.

Methods: Field data were obtained from the NASS-CDS database for the years 2009-2012. Inclusion factors included the following: adult restrained front outboard-seated occupants, no ejection or rollovers, and vehicle model years less than 10 years old at the time of crash.

Thoraco-abdominal deflection responses of post mortem human surrogates in side impacts.

The objective of the present study was to determine the thorax and abdomen deflections sustained by post mortem human surrogate (PMHS) in oblique side impact sled tests and compare the responses and injuries with pure lateral tests. Oblique impact tests were conducted using modular and non-modular load-wall designs, with the former capable of accommodating varying anthropometry. Tests were conducted at 6.

Thoracolumbar spine fractures in frontal impact crashes.

There is currently no injury assessment for thoracic or lumbar spine fractures in the motor vehicle crash standards throughout the world. Compression-related thoracolumbar fractures are occurring in frontal impacts and yet the mechanism of injury is poorly understood. The objective of this investigation was to characterize these injuries using real world crash data from the US-DOT-NHTSA NASS-CDS and CIREN databases.

Injuries caused by brake pedal loading of the midfoot.

In a frontal car crash, the driver’s foot and ankle may be injured due to loading by the brake pedal. The driver of a vehicle often has time to initiate emergency braking before an impending collision, which places the forefoot or midfoot over the brake pedal. During the crash, the pedal may induce dorsiflexion and axial loading of the ankle due to forward motion of the occupant and rearward intrusion of the pedal relative to the vehicle.

BioTab--a new method for analyzing and documenting injury causation in motor-vehicle crashes.

Objective: To describe a new method for analyzing and documenting the causes of injuries in motor vehicle crashes that has been implemented since 2005 in cases investigated by the Crash Injury Research Engineering Network (CIREN).

Methods: The new method, called BioTab, documents injury causation using evidence from in-depth crash investigations. BioTab focuses on developing injury causation scenarios (ICSs) that document all factors considered essential for an injury to have occurred as well as factors that contributed to the likelihood and/or severity of an injury.

Injury tolerance and response of the ankle joint in dynamic dorsiflexion.

Forced dorsiflexion in frontal vehicle crashes is considered a common cause of injury to the ankle joint. Although a few studies have been published on the dynamic fracture tolerance of the ankle in dorsiflexion, this work reexamines the topic with increased statistical power, adds an evaluation of articular cartilage injury, and utilizes methods to detect the true time of fracture. The objective of this study was to measure the response and injury tolerance of the human ankle in a loading condition similar to that found in a vehicle crash with toepan intrusion.

The line of action in the tibia during axial compression of the leg.

Compression of the leg induces bending in the tibia, which can lead to tensile failure of the bone in the midshaft. The purpose of this study was to determine the orientation of the compressive load vector in the human tibia. Five cadaveric lower extremities were instrumented with in situ 6-axis tibial and fibular load cells and subjected to quasistatic axial leg compression tests in two knee positions and nine ankle positions.

Development of injury criteria for pelvic fracture in frontal crashes.

Objective: This article assesses the position-dependent injury tolerance of the hip in the frontal direction based on testing of eight postmortem human subjects.

Methods: For each subject, the left and right hemipelvis complex was axially loaded using a previously developed test configuration. Six positions were defined from a seated femur neutral condition, combining flexed, neutral, and extended femur positions with abducted, neutral, and adducted positions.

The effect of tibial curvature and fibular loading on the tibia index.

The tibia index (TI) is commonly used to predict leg injury based on measurements taken by an anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The TI consists of an interaction formula that combines axial loading and bending plus a supplemental compressive force criterion. Current ATD lower limbs lack geometric biofidelity with regard to tibial curvature and fibular load-sharing.

Small female head and neck interaction with a deploying side airbag.

Objective: This paper presents dummy and cadaver experiments designed to investigate the injury potential of an out-of-position small female head and neck from a deploying side airbag.

Methods: Seat-mounted, thoracic-type, side airbags were selected for this study to represent those currently available on selected luxury automobiles. A computer simulation program was used to identify the worst case loading position for the small female head and neck.