Intravesical atropine compared to oral oxybutynin for neurogenic detrusor overactivity: a double-blind, randomized crossover trial.

Purpose: We tested the efficacy and side effect profiles of intravesical atropine compared to oxybutynin immediate release when used by individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Materials And Methods: We performed a study to determine the most effective dose of atropine. Eight participants used increasing doses of intravesical atropine during a 12-day period.

A multi-centre evaluation of absorbent products for men with light urinary incontinence.

Aims: This study compared the performance of the four main designs of absorbents for men with light incontinence: pouches (shields), leafs (guards), washable pant with integral pad (pantegral), and small disposable pad.

Materials And Methods: We did a multiple crossover trial. Men with light urinary incontinence were recruited.

A multicenter evaluation of absorbent products for children with incontinence and disabilities.

Objective: To evaluate all disposable pull-up-style pads (pull-ups) designed for children with learning and or physical disabilities and compare these with a representative sample of disposable diapers (diapers).

Design: A multicenter randomized crossover trial where all children evaluated each product. SETTING AND CHILDREN: A total of 61 community dwelling children with disabilities were recruited from 5 areas throughout the United Kingdom.

Disposable pull-ups versus disposable nappies for children with a disability.

Most children are expected to be dry by the age of three years (Lukeman, 1997). However, children with physical and/or learning disabilities may have difficulty achieving continence and will have an ongoing need for absorbent products. Historically these were disposable nappies.

A multicenter comparative evaluation: disposable pads for women with light incontinence.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the current range of disposable pads for women with light incontinence available in the United Kingdom.

Setting And Subjects: Sixty community-based women aged 50 years or older were recruited to the study from several locations throughout the United Kingdom.

Methods: A multiple crossover design was used, which enabled all subjects to test all of the 12 products that were available on the UK market at the time of the evaluation.

Management of night-time urinary incontinence in residential settings for older people: an investigation into the effects of different pad changing regimes on skin health.

Absorbent pads are the main method of managing urinary incontinence in residential settings for older people. Improvements in technology have resulted in highly absorbent products which may be worn all night, but the effects of prolonged pad wearing on aged skin are unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two different pad changing regimes on skin health.

A multicentre comparative evaluation: washable pants with an integral pad for light incontinence.

The Continence Product Evaluation Network (CPE network) is funded by the Medical Devices Agency (MDA) of the Department of Health, to undertake comparative evaluations of continence products. There are a wide variety of continence products on the UK market and very little information is available to aid product selection. The aim of this study was to evaluate washable pants with integral pads for women with light incontinence.

T(2)-shortening by strongly magnetized spheres: a chemical exchange model.

It is shown that a chemical exchange model can reproduce nuclear magnetic relaxation caused by diffusion of water molecules near strongly magnetized particles. The agreement is based on the similarity (but not equivalence) of the respective "visit-limiting" mechanisms in the echo-limited regime. The model leads to a single equation that predicts relaxation behavior in both the motional-averaging and visit-limited regimes.

On T(2)-shortening by strongly magnetized spheres: a partial refocusing model.

Computer simulations of water transverse relaxation induced by superparamagnetic particles are shown to disagree with the available theories, covering the slow diffusion domain. Understanding these new simulations, not in the slow diffusion domain, thus requires a new theoretical approach. A "partial refocusing model" is introduced for this purpose; it is based on a spatial division between an inner region where the gradients are too strong for the refocusing pulses to be efficient and an outer region where they are efficient.