Distribution of Plasmodium vivax pvdhfr and pvdhps alleles and their association with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine treatment outcomes in Indonesia.

Background: Sympatric existence of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax, and the practice of malaria treatment without microscopic confirmation suggest that the accidental treatment of vivax malaria with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) is common.

Methods: In this study, the frequency distribution of alleles associated with SP resistance were analysed among the P. vivax infections from malariometric surveys and its association with SP treatment failure in clinical studies in Indonesia.