Higher circulating omentin is associated with increased risk of primary cardiovascular events in individuals with diabetes.

Aims/hypothesis: Higher concentrations of the adipokine omentin are associated with lower levels of cardiometabolic risk factors in experimental and cross-sectional studies, but with higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in population-based cohort studies. However, it is unknown whether high omentin concentrations are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events in people with established diabetes. Therefore, the present study investigated the association between serum omentin concentrations and the risk of cardiovascular events in individuals with diabetes.

Athletes feature greater rates of muscle glucose transport and glycogen synthesis during lipid infusion.

BACKGROUNDInsulin resistance results from impaired skeletal muscle glucose transport/phosphorylation, linked to augmented lipid availability. Despite greater intramuscular lipids, athletes are highly insulin sensitive, which could result from higher rates of insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis or glucose transport/phosphorylation and oxidation. Thus, we examined the time course of muscle glycogen and glucose-6-phosphate concentrations during low and high systemic lipid availability.

Short-term dietary reduction of branched-chain amino acids reduces meal-induced insulin secretion and modifies microbiome composition in type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled crossover trial.

Background: Epidemiological studies have shown that increased circulating branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). This may result from altered energy metabolism or dietary habits.

Objective: We hypothesized that a lower intake of BCAAs improves tissue-specific insulin sensitivity.

4-Methylumbelliferone improves the thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue.

Therapeutic increase of brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is of great interest as BAT activation counteracts obesity and insulin resistance. Hyaluronan (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan, found in the extracellular matrix, which is synthesized by HA synthases (Has1/Has2/Has3) from sugar precursors and accumulates in diabetic conditions. Its synthesis can be inhibited by the small molecule 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU).

Hungry for your alanine: when liver depends on muscle proteolysis.

Fasting requires complex endocrine and metabolic interorgan crosstalk, which involves shifting from glucose to fatty acid oxidation, derived from adipose tissue lipolysis, in order to preserve glucose for the brain. The glucose-alanine (Cahill) cycle is critical for regenerating glucose. In this issue of JCI, Petersen et al.

Empagliflozin Effectively Lowers Liver Fat Content in Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 4, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Objective: To evaluate whether the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor empagliflozin (EMPA) reduces liver fat content (LFC) in recent-onset and metabolically well-controlled type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Research Design And Methods: Patients with T2D ( = 84) (HbA 6.6 ± 0.

Dynamic changes of muscle insulin sensitivity after metabolic surgery.

The mechanisms underlying improved insulin sensitivity after surgically-induced weight loss are still unclear. We monitored skeletal muscle metabolism in obese individuals before and over 52 weeks after metabolic surgery. Initial weight loss occurs in parallel with a decrease in muscle oxidative capacity and respiratory control ratio.

Serum uromodulin is inversely associated with the metabolic syndrome in the KORA F4 study.

Objective: Metabolic syndrome and obesity are risk factors for chronic kidney disease. However, early kidney alterations may escape diagnosis in these conditions due to glomerular hyperfiltration. Uromodulin, a glycoprotein exclusively synthesized in tubular cells of the thick ascending limb of Henle's loop, is a novel tissue-specific biomarker for kidney function.

Association between Biomarkers of Low-grade Inflammation and Sex Hormones in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Objective: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have higher circulating levels of C-reactive protein, but the relationship between inflammation and endocrine function in PCOS remains poorly understood. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between low-grade inflammation and sex hormones in women with PCOS.

Design And Patients: A comprehensive panel of biomarkers of inflammation was measured in serum of 63 women with PCOS using proximity extension assay technology.

Are Lifestyle Therapies Effective for NAFLD Treatment?

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common liver disorder worldwide. Specifically, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis pose an enormous burden for patients and health-care systems. In the absence of approved pharmacological therapies, effective lifestyle interventions for NAFLD, such as dietary strategies and exercise training, are currently the therapeutic strategies of choice.

Distinct trajectories of HbA in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes from the DPV registry using a longitudinal group-based modelling approach.

Aim: To identify groups of heterogeneous HbA trajectories over time in newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes.

Methods: The study comprised 6355 adults with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes (55% men, median age 62 years, baseline BMI 31 kg/m ) from the Diabetes Patienten Verlaufsdokumentation (DPV) prospective multicentre diabetes registry (Germany, Austria). Individuals were assessed during the first 5 years after diabetes diagnosis if they had ≥ 3 aggregated HbA measurements during follow-up.

Augmented Corneal Nerve Fiber Branching in Painful Compared With Painless Diabetic Neuropathy.

Context: The factors that determine the development of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) as a painful or painless entity are unknown.

Objective: We hypothesized that corneal nerve pathology could be more pronounced in painful DSPN, indicating predominant small nerve fiber damage.

Design And Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we assessed 53 patients with painful DSPN, 63 with painless DSPN, and 46 glucose-tolerant volunteers by corneal confocal microscopy (CCM), nerve conduction (NC), and quantitative sensory testing.

Risk of diabetes-associated diseases in subgroups of patients with recent-onset diabetes: a 5-year follow-up study.

Background: Cluster analyses have proposed different diabetes phenotypes using age, BMI, glycaemia, homoeostasis model estimates, and islet autoantibodies. We tested whether comprehensive phenotyping validates and further characterises these clusters at diagnosis and whether relevant diabetes-related complications differ among these clusters, during 5-years of follow-up.

Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the German Diabetes Study underwent comprehensive phenotyping and assessment of laboratory variables.

Evaluation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 as a marker for renal microvasculopathy in adolescents with Type 1 diabetes.

Aim: To assess the relevance of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for renal microvascular diseases.

Methods: We analysed lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity and lysophosphatidylcholine levels (as a surrogate marker of oxidative stress) in 165 adolescents (aged 17.0 ± 2.

Higher GABA concentration in the medial prefrontal cortex of Type 2 diabetes patients is associated with episodic memory dysfunction.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an accelerated episodic memory decline, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Hallmarks of T2D comprise impairment of insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity. Insulin signaling modulates cerebral neurotransmitter activity, including the excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) systems.

H-MRS of femoral red and yellow bone marrow fat composition and water content in healthy young men and women at 3 T.

Objectives: There is a discrepancy between studies suggesting that higher bone marrow fat saturation is associated with impaired health, and studies suggesting that erythropoiesis increases red bone marrow (RBM) fat saturation in young healthy individuals. Here, we seeked to elucidate these discrepancies by using long TE magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to study both yellow bone marrow (YBM) and RBM in the femur of healthy volunteers.

Materials And Methods: Thirty-three young healthy volunteers (17 females), age range 20-31 years, underwent long TE H MRS at 3.

Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the current guidelines for detecting insulinoma.

Objective Insulinomas are rare pancreatic endocrine tumors characterized by hypoglycemia. Guidelines by the Endocrine Society (ES), the European (ENETS) and the North American (NANETS) Neuroendocrine Tumor Societies provide divergent diagnostic criteria. This study compared the diagnostic accuracy of these different criteria during the 72-h fasting test.

[Diabetes mellitus-Definition, classification, diagnosis, screening and prevention (Update 2019)].

Diabetes mellitus comprises a group of heterogeneous disorders, which have an increase in blood glucose concentrations in common. The current classification for diabetes mellitus is presented and the main features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes are compared. Furthermore, the criteria for the correct biochemical diagnosis during fasting and oral glucose tolerance tests as well as the use of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) are summarized.

[Antihyperglycemic treatment guidelines for diabetes mellitus type 2 (Update 2019)].

Hyperglycemia significantly contributes to complications in patients with diabetes mellitus. While lifestyle interventions remain cornerstones of disease prevention and treatment, most patients with type 2 diabetes will eventually require pharmacotherapy for glycemic control. The definition of individual targets regarding optimal therapeutic efficacy and safety as well as cardiovascular effects is of great importance.

[Insulin therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)].

The present article is a recommendation of the Austrian Diabetes Association for the practical use of insulin in type 2 diabetes, including the various insulin regimens.

[Diagnosis and insulin therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus (Update 2019)].

This guideline summarizes diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, including accompanying autoimmune disorders, insulin therapy regimens and glycemic target values.

Novel Insights into Sensorimotor and Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy from Recent-Onset Diabetes and Population-Based Cohorts.

The most prevalent chronic complications of diabetes are diabetic neuropathies, among which distal sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) are the best studied. Their major clinical sequelae such as foot ulcers, neuropathic pain, and orthostatic hypotension are associated with lower quality of life and increased risk of mortality. Here we discuss the recent insights into DSPN and CAN focusing on two prospective cohorts; that is, the German Diabetes Study (GDS) including recent-onset diabetes patients and the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg, Germany (KORA) surveys.

Sfrp5 increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in the rat pancreatic beta cell line INS-1E.

Previous studies reported that secreted frizzled-related protein-5 (Sfrp5) decreases beta cell proliferation and increases fasting insulin levels, but studies on direct effects of Sfrp5 on insulin secretion and its underlying mechanisms are missing. This study examined effects of Sfrp5 on (i) beta cell viability and proliferation, (ii) basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and (iii) canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways. We incubated rat INS-1E cells with 0.

A New Targeted Lipidomics Approach Reveals Lipid Droplets in Liver, Muscle and Heart as a Repository for Diacylglycerol and Ceramide Species in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver.

Obesity is frequently associated with excessive accumulation of lipids in ectopic tissue and presents a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Diacylglycerols (DAGs) and ceramides (CERs) were identified as key players in lipid-induced insulin resistance, typical for such diseases. Recent results suggest that the subcellular distribution of these lipids affects their lipotoxic properties.