Deconvolution of synthetic mRNA expression: Nucleoside chemistry alters translatability.

Recent technological advances in the production of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA (IVT-mRNA) facilitate its clinical use as well as its application in basic research. In this regard, numerous chemical modifications, which are not naturally observed in endogenous mRNA, have been implemented primarily to address the issue of immunogenicity and improve its biological performance. However, recent findings suggested pronounced differences between expression levels of IVT-mRNAs with different nucleoside modifications in transfected cells.

Interactions of TTV with BKV, CMV, EBV, and HHV-6A and their impact on post-transplant graft function in kidney transplant recipients.

Background: Mono and combined reactivation of latent viruses occurs frequently under immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant patients. Recently, monitoring torque teno virus (TTV) reactivation came more into focus as a potential biomarker for immune status. The surrogate characteristics of TTV reactivation on acute rejection, and the combined reactivation with other latent viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), human BK virus (BKV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and human herpes virus-6A (HHV-6A) on allograft function, are unknown so far.

Comparison of Magnetron-Sputtered and Cathodic Arc-Deposited Ti and Cr Thin Films on Stainless Steel for Bipolar Plates.

In this work, the potential of magnetron sputtering, as well as cathodic arc evaporation, is investigated with regard to its suitability as a bipolar plate coating of a PEM fuel cell. For this purpose, Cr and Ti thin films were deposited onto a 0.1 mm SS316L by varying the power and bias voltage.

Multivariate Analysis of Cellular Uptake Characteristics for a (Co)polymer Particle Library.

Controlling cellular responses to nanoparticles so far is predominantly empirical, typically requiring multiple rounds of optimization of particulate carriers. In this study, a systematic model-assisted approach should lead to the identification of key parameters that account for particle properties and their cellular recognition. A copolymer particle library was synthesized by a combinatorial approach in soap free emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate, leading to a broad compositional as well as constitutional spectrum.

Bias Voltage Dependency of Structural and Bipolar Plate-Related Properties of Cathodic Arc-Deposited Carbon-Based Coatings.

Carbon-based coatings composed of a chromium interlayer and a carbon top layer were deposited on stainless steel substrates via cathodic arc evaporation. During the carbon deposition, the bias voltage was varied between 900 and 1 V to investigate the influence on the structural, electrical, and electrochemical properties. Raman spectroscopy indicated a dependency of the intensity ratio and G peak position on the bias voltage, which can be attributed to an alteration of the structure.

Application of MXene for remediation of low-level radioactive aqueous solutions contaminated with Ba and Cs.

MXene is an innovative multilayered material that has been prepared by an acid-salt (HCl + NHF) etching route and tested for the removal of Ba and Cs in radioactive conditions for the first time. MXene has exhibited high uptake capacity of about 154.9 and 121.

Dynamic Crack-Front Deformations in Cohesive Materials.

Crack fronts deform due to heterogeneities, and inspecting these deformations can reveal local variations of material properties, and help predict out-of-plane damage. Current models neglect the influence of a finite dissipation length scale behind the crack tip, called the process zone size. The latter introduces scale effects in the deformation of the crack front, that are mitigated by the dynamics of the crack.

The dynamics of unsteady frictional slip pulses.

Self-healing slip pulses are major spatiotemporal failure modes of frictional systems, featuring a characteristic size [Formula: see text] and a propagation velocity [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] is time). Here, we develop a theory of slip pulses in realistic rate- and state-dependent frictional systems. We show that slip pulses are intrinsically unsteady objects-in agreement with previous findings-yet their dynamical evolution is closely related to their unstable steady-state counterparts.

Measurement of Electric Charge in a Charged Hydroxyapatite Dielectric Using Pendant Drop.

A simple noninvasive measurement method which allows one to determine the trapped charge in a biocompatible hydroxyapatite dielectric is developed. The hydroxyapatite samples are charged by electron beam with energy 30 keV and total irradiated charge ranging from 2 × 10 to 2 × 10 . The value of the trapped charge is determined by analyzing the shape change of a liquid droplet hanging from a needle in proximity of the charged sample surface.

Differential Expression of microRNAs in Serum of Patients with Chronic Painful Polyneuropathy and Healthy Age-Matched Controls.

Polyneuropathies (PNP) are the most common type of disorder of the peripheral nervous system in adults. However, information on microRNA expression in PNP is lacking. Following microRNA sequencing, we compared the expression of microRNAs in the serum of patients experiencing chronic painful PNP with healthy age-matched controls.

Reactive HiTUS TiNbVTaZrHf-N Coatings: Structure, Composition and Mechanical Properties.

High entropy metal sub-lattice stabilized nitride coatings based on multicomponent refractory transition metals (TM = Ti, Nb, V, Ta, Zr, Hf) are promising candidates for extreme conditions due to their high thermal, mechanical, and corrosion properties. The aims of the current work included the investigations of the possibilities of the novel High Target Utilization Sputtering (HiTUS) technique applied to reactive sputtering of TiNbVTaZrHf-xN coatings from the viewpoints of hysteresis behavior during reactive sputtering as well as the structure, composition, stoichiometry, and mechanical properties of the resulting coatings. With increasing nitrogen content, coating structures varied from amorphous in metallic alloy coatings to textured nano-columnar fcc structures.

Regulation of the apoptosis/autophagy switch by propionic acid in ventromedial hypothalamus of rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Hypothalamic dysregulation may cause abnormal glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The balance between autophagy and apoptosis is important for maintaining cellular/tissue homeostasis and may be disrupted in T2DM.

Objectives: Since propionic acid (PA) exerts neuroprotective effects, the aim was to investigate its effects on apoptosis/autophagy switch in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) of T2DM rats.

Fluoride-free synthesis of anodic TiO nanotube layers: a promising environmentally friendly method for efficient photocatalysts.

TiO nanotube (TNT) layers are generally prepared in fluoride-based electrolytes electrochemical anodization that relies on the field-assisted dissolution of Ti metal forming nanoporous/nanotubular structures. However, the usage of fluoride ions is considered hazardous to the environment. Therefore, we present an environmentally friendly synthesis and application of TNT layers prepared in fluoride-free nitrate-based electrolytes.

Earthquake Nucleation Along Faults With Heterogeneous Weakening Rate.

The transition from quasistatic slip growth to dynamic rupture propagation constitutes one possible scenario to describe earthquake nucleation. If this transition is rather well understood for homogeneous faults, how the friction properties of may influence the of seismogenic faults remains largely unclear. Combining classical nucleation theory and concepts borrowed from condensed matter physics, we propose a comprehensive analytical framework that predicts the influence of heterogeneities of weakening rate on the nucleation length for linearly slip-dependent friction laws.