Local crime and substance use disorders: A comparison of midlife adults in the 1990s and 2000s.

This study investigated how sociopolitical changes in the United States between the 1990s and 2000s may explain the increase in substance use disorders and reduced longevity in more recent cohorts of US midlife adults. The 2008 recession which drastically increased unemployment rates across the country may have had negative implications for downstream contextual and individual processes, including both local crime rates and substance use disorders. The Midlife in the United States Survey cohort (1995;  = 6148; 20-75 years) and the MIDUS Refresher cohort (2011;  = 3543; 23-76 years) reported on substance use disorders.

Community crime and safety: An investigation of gender differences in the daily stress process.

Few studies have investigated the associations between community crime rates and affective well-being, and how that relationship may differ according to gender. Using data from the National Study of Daily Experiences and the Uniform Crime Reporting Program, the current study examined gender differences between daily affective experiences, crime rates, and perceptions of neighborhood safety. Although feeling unsafe in one's neighborhood was related to worse affective well-being (i.

Depression risk and resilience in a diverse sample of older adults in the United States.

Living in poor and physically deteriorating neighborhoods is associated with heightened likelihood of experiencing depression. At the same time, not all people experience their neighborhoods in the same way. We predicted and tested the possibility that variability in this association can be explained by the social support that people derive both from their personal networks and other people residing in the same neighborhood, and that this moderation varies by race/ethnicity.

Perceived neighborhood disorder and type 2 diabetes disparities in Hispanic, Black, and White Americans.

Introduction: Approximately 32 million Americans have type 2 diabetes, and that number continues to grow. Higher prevalence rates are observed among certain subgroups, including members of marginalized racial/ethnic groups as well as residents of disordered neighborhoods (i.e.

Does crime trigger genetic risk for type 2 diabetes in young adults? A G x E interaction study using national data.

Background: Living in neighborhoods perceived as disordered exacerbates genetic risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) among older adults. It is unknown whether this gene-neighborhood interaction extends to younger adults. The present study aims to investigate whether crime, an objectively measured indicator of neighborhood disorder, triggers genetic risk for T2D among younger adults, and whether this hypothesized triggering occurs through exposure to obesity.

In the eyes of the beholder: Race, place and health.

Racial and ethnic health disparities are fundamentally connected to neighborhood quality. For example, as a result of historical systemic inequities, racial and ethnic minorities are more likely to live in neighborhoods with signs of physical disorder (e.g.

Obesogenic environments and cardiovascular disease: a path analysis using US nationally representative data.

Introduction: People living in obesogenic environments, with limited access to healthful food outlets and exercise facilities, generally have poor health. Previous research suggests that behavioral risk factors and indicators of physiological functioning may mediate this link; however, no studies to date have had the requisite data to investigate multi-level behavioral and physiological risk factors simultaneously. The present study conducted serial and parallel mediation analyses to examine behavioral and physiological pathways explaining the association between environmental obesogenicity and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Patient Factors Associated With Increased Risk for Complications After the Latarjet Procedure.

Background: The open Latarjet has become the most common method of addressing significant glenoid bone loss in patients with recurrent glenohumeral instability.

Purpose: To describe national trends in Latarjet procedures and risk factors for complications associated with this procedure.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Determining the pharmacologic window of bisphosphonates that mitigates severe injury-induced osteoporosis and muscle calcification, while preserving fracture repair.

Unlabelled: Following severe injury, biomineralization is disrupted and limited therapeutic options exist to correct these pathologic changes. This study utilized a clinically relevant murine model of polytrauma including a severe injury with concomitant musculoskeletal injuries to identify when bisphosphonate administration can prevent the paradoxical decrease of biomineralization in bone and increased biomineralization in soft tissues, yet not interfere with musculoskeletal repair.

Introduction: Systemic and intrinsic mechanisms in bone and soft tissues help promote biomineralization to the skeleton, while preventing it in soft tissues.

What predicts how safe people feel in their neighborhoods and does it depend on functional status?

Feeling unsafe in one's neighborhood is related to poor health. Features of the neighborhood environment have been suggested to inform perceptions of neighborhood safety. Yet, the relative contribution of these features (e.

Regional anesthesia does not decrease opioid demand in pelvis and acetabulum fracture surgery.

Introduction: Patients with pelvic and acetabular fractures often have considerable pain in the perioperative period. Regional anesthesia (RA) including peripheral nerve blocks and spinal analgesia may reduce pain. However, the real-world impact of these modalities on inpatient opioid consumption and outpatient opioid demand is largely unknown.

Perceived neighborhood cohesion buffers COVID-19 impacts on mental health in a United States sample.

Objective: This study examined whether perceived neighborhood cohesion (the extent to which neighbors trust and count on one another) buffers against the mental health effects of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods: The XXX University National COVID-19 and Mental Health Study surveyed US adults (N = 3965; M age = 39 years), measuring depressive symptoms, staying home more during than before the 2020 pandemic, and perceived neighborhood cohesion.

Results: A series of linear regressions indicated that perceiving one's neighborhood as more cohesive was not only associated with fewer depressive symptoms, but also attenuated the relationship between spending more time at home during the pandemic and depressive symptoms.

Can I Buy My Health? A Genetically Informed Study of Socioeconomic Status and Health.

Background: A large literature demonstrates associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, including physiological health and well-being. Moreover, gender differences are often observed among measures of both SES and health. However, relationships between SES and health are sometimes questioned given the lack of true experiments, and the potential biological and SES mechanisms explaining gender differences in health are rarely examined simultaneously.

Cognition in context: Pathways and compound risk in a sample of US non-Hispanic whites.

The population of individuals with cognitive impairment and dementia is growing rapidly, necessitating etiological investigation. It is clear that individual differences in cognition later in life have both genetic and multi-level environmental correlates. Despite significant recent progress in cellular and molecular research, the exact mechanisms linking genes, brains, and cognition remain elusive.

Neighborhood safety concerns and daily well-being: A national diary study.

People living in unsafe neighborhoods often report poor health. The reasons for this are multi-faceted, but one possibility is that unsafe neighborhoods create a situation of chronic stress, which may deplete people's resources to cope with the daily stressors of life. How people respond to daily stressors (e.

Perceived neighborhood social cohesion and cardiometabolic risk: a gene × environment study.

People living in socially cohesive neighborhoods generally have better health. We extend this research by evaluating the hypothesis that perceived neighborhood cohesion may influence health by attenuating genetic liability for cardiometabolic risk factors. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study ( = 6615; mean age 69.

Breast Cancer in a 53-year-old Obese Male.

Male breast cancer (MBC) represents <1% of all breast cancers and little is known about its true etiology. The known risk factors associated with MBC are age, Klinefelter syndrome, BRCA2 mutation, high estrogen levels, gynecomastia, and cirrhosis of any cause. Obesity has been documented as a risk factor to MBC in some studies even though it is not officially recognized as a risk factor.

An Unusual Presentation of Large B-cell Lymphoma.

Primary Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the lacrimal sac is extremely rare. Symptoms are usually atypical and nonspecific, which often leads to the original misdiagnosis of dacryocystitis. The most common presenting features are epiphora, swelling, and acute dacryocystitis.

Differential vulnerability to neighbourhood disorder: a gene×environment interaction study.

Background: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is preventable, it is increasing in prevalence and it is a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality. Importantly, residents of neighbourhoods with high levels of disorder are more likely to develop T2D than those living in less disordered neighbourhoods and neighbourhood disorder may exacerbate genetic risk for T2D.

Method: We use genetic, self-reported neighbourhood, and health data from the Health and Retirement Study.

A Genetically Informed Study of Neighborhoods and Health: Results From the MIDUS Twin Sample.

Objectives: To examine whether neighborhood income and neighborhood safety concerns influence multisystem physiological risk after adjusting for genetic and environmental selection effects that may have biased previous tests of this association.

Methods: We used structural equation modeling with a genetically informed sample of 686 male and female twin pairs in the Midlife in the United States Study II (2004).

Results: Controlling for additive genetic and shared environmental processes that may have biased neighborhood-health links in previous examinations, higher neighborhood safety concerns were associated with less physiological risk among women but not men.

Perceived neighborhood social cohesion and cardiometabolic risk: a gene × environment study.

People living in socially cohesive neighborhoods generally have better health. We extend this research by evaluating the hypothesis that perceived neighborhood cohesion may influence health by attenuating genetic liability for cardiometabolic risk factors. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study ( = 6,615; mean age 69.

Autologous chondrocyte grafting promotes bone formation in the posterolateral spine.

Background Context: Pseudarthrosis following spinal fusion remains problematic despite modern surgical and grafting techniques. In surgical spinal fusion, new bone forms via intramembranous and endochondral ossification, with endochondral ossification occurring in the hypoxic zones of the fusion bed. During bone development and fracture healing, the key cellular mediator of endochondral ossification is the hypertrophic chondrocyte given its ability to function in hypoxia and induce neovascularization and ossification.

Bone Fracture Acute Phase Response-A Unifying Theory of Fracture Repair: Clinical and Scientific Implications.

Bone fractures create five problems that must be resolved: bleeding, risk of infection, hypoxia, disproportionate strain, and inability to bear weight. There have been enormous advancements in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that resolve these problems after fractures, and in best clinical practices of repairing fractures. We put forth a modern, comprehensive model of fracture repair that synthesizes the literature on the biology and biomechanics of fracture repair to address the primary problems of fractures.

Neighborhood cohesion, neighborhood disorder, and cardiometabolic risk.

Perceptions of neighborhood disorder (trash, vandalism) and cohesion (neighbors trust one another) are related to residents' health. Affective and behavioral factors have been identified, but often in studies using geographically select samples. We use a nationally representative sample (n = 9032) of United States older adults from the Health and Retirement Study to examine cardiometabolic risk in relation to perceptions of neighborhood cohesion and disorder.

Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis.

Higher income neighborhoods are associated with better health, a relation observed in many cross-sectional studies. However, prior research focused on the prevalence of health conditions, and examining the incidence of new health conditions may provide stronger support for a potential causal role of neighborhoods on health. We used the 2004 and 2014 waves of the Midlife in the United States Study (n = 1726; ages 34-83) to examine health condition incidence as a function of neighborhood income.