Breaking the Binary: Restriction and reclamation of power among transgender and gender diverse young adults.

Binary gender norms in the U.S. contribute to the systemic marginalization of transgender and gender diverse (TGD) individuals.

Mechanisms of Successful Implementation of Tailored Motivational Interviewing in a Multisite Study of Youth HIV Clinics in the United States.

Background: A recent implementation science stepped-wedge trial of motivational interviewing (MI) in adolescent HIV clinics indicated variable degrees of implementation success. The present mixed-methods study analyzed trajectories of postimplementation MI competence scores and compared postimplementation qualitative interviews among the clinics with the highest levels of provider competency and the lowest levels of competency to further understand mechanisms of successful implementation.

Setting: Ten HIV clinics in the Adolescent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions.

Edison J. Trickett (1941-2022).

This article memorializes Edison J. Trickett (1941-2022), a leading theorist in community psychology. After joining the psychology faculty at Yale (1969-1977) and the Yale Psychoeducational Clinic, Ed became a faculty member at the University of Maryland, College Park, where he taught until 2000 and directed doctoral training in clinical/community psychology (1980-1985).

Tracing the Relationship(s) of CRE and LGBTQ+ Evaluation.

This article explores the close relationships between LGBTQ+ Evaluation (LGBTQ+E) and Culturally Responsive Evaluation (CRE). First, we consider the role of CRE spaces, scholars, and practitioners in supporting LGBTQ+E, including Dr. Stafford Hood, who helped us break through barriers that kept LGBTQ+E practices marginalized in the evaluation canon.

Breaking Down Barriers to HIV Care for Gay and Bisexual Men and Transgender Women: The Advocacy and Other Community Tactics (ACT) Project.

Despite the prevailing consensus on the role that stigma and discrimination play in limiting access to HIV prevention technology, discouraging HIV testing, and impeding access to HIV care, studies that focus on structural interventions to address stigma and discrimination for gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men and transgender women are surprisingly uncommon. We aimed to identify the outcomes from a coordinated set of community-led advocacy initiatives targeting structural changes that might eliminate barriers to HIV care for gay and bisexual men and transgender women in five African and two Caribbean countries. We conducted a prospective evaluation that included repeated site visits and in-depth semi-structured interviews with 112 people with direct knowledge of project activities, accomplishments, failures, and challenges.

Bioextractive Removal of Nitrogen by Oysters in Great Bay Piscataqua River Estuary, New Hampshire, USA.

Eutrophication is a challenge to coastal waters around the globe. In many places, nutrient reductions from land-based sources have not been sufficient to achieve desired water quality improvements. Bivalve shellfish have shown promise as an in-water strategy to complement land-based nutrient management.

Gendered powerlessness in at-risk adolescent and young women: an empirical model.

In the United States, youth aged 13-24 comprised approximately 21% of new HIV infections in 2017; 13% of these infections occurred among women, the majority of whom (86%) acquired HIV through heterosexual contact (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019a. .

Improving Timely Linkage to Care among Newly Diagnosed HIV-Infected Youth: Results of SMILE.

Delayed linkage to care deprives youth living with HIV of the benefits of HIV treatment and risks increased HIV transmission. Developing and testing linkage-to-care models that are capable of simultaneously addressing structural and individual obstacles are necessary to attain national goals for timely linkage of newly diagnosed youth to care. We assessed an integrated, multi-pronged strategy for improving youth's timely linkage to care carried out in eight adolescent medicine clinical trials units (AMTUs) in the USA.

The moderating role of resilience resources in the association between crime exposure and substance use among young sexual minority men.

Substance use is prevalent among young sexual minority men and crime exposure is linked with adverse health behaviors. Guided by the protective model of resilience, we examined the impact of crime exposure and resilience resources on substance use behaviors, and whether resilience moderated associations between crime exposure and substance use behaviors. A cross-sectional sample of young sexual minority men ( = 720) ages 15-24 participated in a one-time survey conducted in seven cities across the United States.

Youth health outcomes from the Connect-to-Protect Coalitions to prevent adolescent HIV infections.

We assessed the relationships among HIV-related social and behavioral outcomes resulting from an adolescent-focused HIV structural change initiative in eight urban sites operating Connect to Protect (C2P) coalitions. Over a 4-year period, annual cross-sectional panels of adolescents (N = 2,248) completed an audio-computer-assisted interview, providing data on satisfaction with their communities as adolescent-supportive environments, internalized HIV stigma, lifetime HIV-testing, lifetime sexual risk-taking, and number of sexual partners in the prior year. We used structural equation modeling to estimate hypothesized links between time since coalition mobilization to our social and behavioral outcomes.

Structural Effects on HIV Risk Among Youth: A Multi-level Analysis.

We proposed a multilevel model of structural influences on HIV-risky sexual partnerships in a diverse sample of 1793 youth residing in 23 states and the District of Columbia. We examined the influence of concentrated disadvantage, HIV stigma, and sexual and gender minority stigma on engagement in HIV risky sexual partnerships and whether youth's participation in opportunity structures, anticipation of HIV stigma, and perceptions of their community as youth-supportive settings mediated structural effects. After controlling for age, HIV status, and race, we found structural HIV stigma had deleterious indirect effects on youth's participation in HIV-risky sexual partnerships.

Ecological Barriers to HIV Service Access among Young Men who have Sex with Men and High-Risk Young Women from Low-resourced Urban Communities.

Using an ecological perspective, we sought to elucidate the perceived barriers preventing HIV service access among two groups of U.S. youth (ages 12-24) disproportionately affected by HIV, men who have sex with men and high-risk women.

Anticipated HIV Stigma and Delays in Regular HIV Testing Behaviors Among Sexually-Active Young Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women.

Young gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men (YGBMSM) and young transgender women are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. The success of biomedical prevention strategies is predicated on regular HIV testing; however, there has been limited uptake of testing among YGBMSM and young transgender women. Anticipated HIV stigma-expecting rejection as a result of seroconversion- may serve as a significant barrier to testing.

Role of Shellfish Aquaculture in the Reduction of Eutrophication in an Urban Estuary.

Land-based management has reduced nutrient discharges; however, many coastal waterbodies remain impaired. Oyster "bioextraction" of nutrients and how oyster aquaculture might complement existing management measures in urban estuaries was examined in Long Island Sound, Connecticut. Eutrophication status, nutrient removal, and ecosystem service values were estimated using eutrophication, circulation, local- and ecosystem-scale models, and an avoided-costs valuation.

Structural and Community Change Outcomes of the Connect-to-Protect Coalitions: Trials and Triumphs Securing Adolescent Access to HIV Prevention, Testing, and Medical Care.

Connect to Protect (C2P), a 10-year community mobilization effort, pursued the dual aims of creating communities competent to address youth's HIV-related risks and removing structural barriers to youth health. We used Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT) to examine the perceived contributions and accomplishments of 14 C2P coalitions. We interviewed 318 key informants, including youth and community leaders, to identify the features of coalitions' context and operation that facilitated and undermined their ability to achieve structural change and build communities' capability to manage their local adolescent HIV epidemic effectively.

Evaluating Testing Strategies for Identifying Youths With HIV Infection and Linking Youths to Biomedical and Other Prevention Services.

Importance: Most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected youths are unaware of their serostatus (approximately 60%) and therefore not linked to HIV medical or prevention services. The need to identify promising and scalable approaches to promote uptake of HIV testing among youths at risk is critical.

Objective: To evaluate a multisite HIV testing program designed to encourage localized HIV testing programs focused on self-identified sexual minority males and to link youths to appropriate prevention services after receipt of their test results.

Thriving and Adapting: Resilience, Sense of Community, and Syndemics among Young Black Gay and Bisexual Men.

We examined resilience associated with the avoidance of psychosocial health conditions (i.e., syndemics) that increase vulnerability for HIV among young Black gay and bisexual men.

Creating Youth-Supportive Communities: Outcomes from the Connect-to-Protect® (C2P) Structural Change Approach to Youth HIV Prevention.

Reducing HIV incidence among adolescents represents an urgent global priority. Structural change approaches to HIV prevention may reduce youth risk by addressing the economic, social, cultural, and political factors that elevate it. We assessed whether achievement of structural changes made by eight Connect-to-Protect (C2P) coalitions were associated with improvements in youth's views of their community over the first 4 years of coalitions' mobilization.

The Benefits of Youth Engagement in HIV-Preventive Structural Change Interventions.

Youth are infrequently included in planning the health promotion projects designed to benefit them as many of the factors infringing upon youth's health and well-being also limit their engagement in community-based public health promotion projects. This article explores youth engagement in 13 coalitions implementing structural changes meant to reduce HIV transmission among adolescents. There was wide variation of youth membership and involvement across coalitions.

A comparison of network-based strategies for screening at-risk Hispanic/Latino adolescents and young adults for undiagnosed asymptomatic HIV infection.

Purpose: Hispanic/Latino adolescents and young adults are disproportionately impacted by the HIV/AIDS epidemic; yet little is known about the best strategies to increase HIV testing in this group. Network-based approaches are feasible and acceptable means for screening at-risk adults for HIV infection, but it is unknown whether these approaches are appropriate for at-risk young Hispanics/Latinos. Thus, we compared an alternative venue-based testing (AVT) strategy with a social and sexual network-based interviewing and HIV testing (SSNIT) strategy.

The influence of community context on how coalitions achieve HIV-preventive structural change.

Community coalition action theory (CCAT) depicts the processes and factors that affect coalition formation, maintenance, institutionalization, actions, and outcomes. CCAT proposes that community context affects coalitions at every phase of development and operation. We analyzed data from 12 Connect to Protect coalitions using inductive content analysis to examine how contextual factors (e.

Connect to protect and the creation of AIDS-competent communities.

The development of community capacity is integral to reducing the burden of HIV in high-risk populations (Kippax, 2012). This study examines how coalitions addressing structural level determinants of HIV among youth are generating community capacity and creating AIDS-competent communities. AIDS-competent communities are defined as communities that can facilitate sexual behavior change, reduce HIV/AIDS–related stigma, support people living with HIV/AIDS, and cooperate in HIV–related prevention practices.

Accomplishing structural change: identifying intermediate indicators of success.

Coalitions are routinely employed across the United States as a method of mobilizing communities to improve local conditions that impact on citizens' well-being. Success in achieving specific objectives for environmental or structural community change may not quickly translate into improved population outcomes in the community, posing a dilemma for coalitions that pursue changes that focus on altering community conditions. Considerable effort by communities to plan for and pursue structural change objectives, without evidence of logical and appropriate intermediate markers of success could lead to wasted effort.

Logic models: a useful way to study theories of evaluation practice?

This paper comments on the papers in the special volume on logic modeling and evaluation theory. Logic modeling offers a potentially useful approach to learning about the assumptions, activities, and consequences described in an evaluation theory and may facilitate comparative analysis of evaluation theories. However, logic models are imperfect vehicles for depicting the contingent and dynamic nature of evaluation theories.