Jets Downstream of Collisionless Shocks: Recent Discoveries and Challenges.

Plasma flows with enhanced dynamic pressure, known as magnetosheath jets, are often found downstream of collisionless shocks. As they propagate through the magnetosheath, they interact with the surrounding plasma, shaping its properties, and potentially becoming geoeffective upon reaching the magnetopause. In recent years (since 2016), new research has produced vital results that have significantly enhanced our understanding on many aspects of jets.

Biomechanical differences of Asian knee osteoarthritis patients during standing and walking using statistical parametric mapping: A cross-sectional study.

Background: Biomechanics of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients have been extensively studied using motion capture systems, but less have explored standing knee joint angles with the walking parameters, particularly in Asians. We aim to determine gait biomechanical differences between healthy and KOA participants in an Asian population using One-dimensional Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM1D) and explore if they are associated with standing joint angles.

Methods: A total of 20 KOA and 24 healthy stood upright and walked 10 m at self-selected speeds.

Transitions of Care Pharmacist Impact Following Hospitalization for Acute Myocardial Infarction.

Patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are at high risk for morbidity and rehospitalizations. Pharmacists can play a vital role in secondary prevention by providing services such as medication reconciliation and patient education upon discharge. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a pharmacist-led transitions of care (TOC) service on readmissions in patients hospitalized with AMI.

A Standard Measure of Structural Racism, Do We Have One? Can We Have One? A Narrative Review of Commonly Used Measures and Domains of Use.

Background: A lack of a "gold standard" operationalized index to measure structural racism (SR) in the current literature limits the comparison of the evidence available. This study aims to synthesize the measures of SR from the current literature to identify the measures used to date, study the indicators included, and investigate its expanding domain.

Methods: A literature search of original quantitative studies in the Google Scholar and PubMed databases for articles dated January 1, 2000-July 31, 2023, was conducted with search terms: ["Institutionalized Racism" OR "Systemic Racism", OR "Structural Racism"] AND "Health" AND "United States.

Clinical, radiological, and laboratory factors associated with mortality and functional outcomes in pediatric patients presenting with intracranial gunshot wounds.

Objective: Firearm injuries are now the leading cause of death in children and young adults younger than 25 years of age in the US. Current management of these injuries is extrapolated from adult blunt and penetrating traumatic brain injury guidelines. The objectives of this study were to investigate and analyze the clinical, radiological, and laboratory factors associated with mortality and functional outcomes in pediatric patients presenting with intracranial gunshot wounds (GSWs).

Discovery of Conformationally Constrained ALK2 Inhibitors.

Despite decades of research on new diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) treatments, little or no progress has been made on improving patient outcomes. In this work, we explored novel scaffold modifications of , a 3,5-diphenylpyridine ALK2 inhibitor previously reported by our group. Here we disclose the design, synthesis, and evaluation of a first-in-class set of 5- to 7-membered ether-linked and 7-membered amine-linked constrained inhibitors of ALK2.

Magnetosheath Jet Formation Influenced by Parameters in Solar Wind Structures.

Magnetosheath jets are dynamic pressure enhancements observed in the terrestrial magnetosheath. Their generation mechanisms are currently debated but the majority of jets can be linked to foreshock processes. Recent results showed that jets are less numerous when coronal mass ejections (CMEs) cross the magnetosheath and more numerous when stream interaction regions (SIRs) cross it.

Clinical rarity: simultaneous choroid plexus papilloma and extraventricular neurocytoma presenting as intraventricular hemorrhage in an adolescent.

We present a patient with an intraventricular hemorrhage. Imaging identified a left atrial intraventricular mass and a vague adjacent second periventricular cystic lesion. A guided trans-sulcal approach via a left parietal craniotomy resulted in a gross total resection of both lesions.

Expression of Enzyme in Human Liver Tissue of HIV and HCV Patients.

: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections present significant public health challenges worldwide. The management of these infections is complicated by the need for antiviral and antiretroviral therapies, which are influenced by drug metabolism mediated by metabolic enzymes and transporters. This study focuses on the gene expression of , , and transporters in patients with HIV, HCV, and HIV/HCV co-infection, aiming to assess their potential association with the choice of therapy, patohistological and clinical parameters of liver damage such as the stage of liver fibrosis, serum levels of ALT and AST, as well as the grade of liver inflammation and other available biochemical parameters.

Fabrication of oxygen-carrying microparticles functionalized with liver ECM-proteins to improve phenotypic three-dimensional in vitro liver assembly, function, and responses.

Oxygen and extracellular matrix (ECM)-derived biopolymers play vital roles in regulating many cellular functions in both the healthy and diseased liver. This study highlights the significance of synergistically tuning the internal microenvironment of three-dimensional (3D) cell aggregates composed of hepatocyte-like cells from the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) from the LX-2 cell line to enhance oxygen availability and phenotypic ECM ligand presentation for promoting the native metabolic functions of the human liver. First, fluorinated (PFC) chitosan microparticles (MPs) were generated with a microfluidic chip, then their oxygen transport properties were studied using a custom ruthenium-based oxygen sensing approach.

Transmission of foreshock waves through Earth's bow shock.

The Earth's magnetosphere and its bow shock, which is formed by the interaction of the supersonic solar wind with the terrestrial magnetic field, constitute a rich natural laboratory enabling in situ investigations of universal plasma processes. Under suitable interplanetary magnetic field conditions, a foreshock with intense wave activity forms upstream of the bow shock. So-called 30 s waves, named after their typical period at Earth, are the dominant wave mode in the foreshock and play an important role in modulating the shape of the shock front and affect particle reflection at the shock.

Toward the fabrication of a 5-μm-resolution Wolter microscope for the National Ignition Facility (invited).

Advancements in computer-controlled polishing, metrology, and replication have led to an x-ray mirror fabrication process that is capable of producing high-resolution Wolter microscopes. We present the fabrication and test of a nickel-cobalt replicated full-shell x-ray mirror that was electroformed from a finely figured and polished mandrel. This mandrel was designed for an 8-m source-to-detector-distance microscope, with 10× magnification, and was optimized to reduce shell distortions that occur within 20 mm of the shell ends.

Magnetosheath Jet Occurrence Rate in Relation to CMEs and SIRs.

Magnetosheath jets constitute a significant coupling effect between the solar wind (SW) and the magnetosphere of the Earth. In order to investigate the effects and forecasting of these jets, we present the first-ever statistical study of the jet production during large-scale SW structures like coronal mass ejections (CMEs), stream interaction regions (SIRs) and high speed streams (HSSs). Magnetosheath data from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft between January 2008 and December 2020 serve as measurement source for jet detection.

In vitro assessment of the potential for dolutegravir to affect hepatic clearance of levonorgestrel.

Objectives: The World Health Organization recommends that all countries adopt dolutegravir-based antiretroviral therapy as the preferred regimen for all individuals living with HIV. Levonorgestrel is a commonly used hormonal contraceptive, which undergoes drug-drug interactions with some antiretrovirals, but the potential interaction between dolutegravir and levonorgestrel has not been examined. We aimed to evaluate cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated levonorgestrel metabolism and quantify the effects of dolutegravir on levonorgestrel apparent intrinsic clearance (CL ) and CYP gene expression.

Rapid spectral variability of a giant flare from a magnetar in NGC 253.

Magnetars are neutron stars with extremely strong magnetic fields (10 to 10 gauss), which episodically emit X-ray bursts approximately 100 milliseconds long and with energies of 10 to 10 erg. Occasionally, they also produce extremely bright and energetic giant flares, which begin with a short (roughly 0.2 seconds), intense flash, followed by fainter, longer-lasting emission that is modulated by the spin period of the magnetar (typically 2 to 12 seconds).

Leveraging an Open Science Drug Discovery Model to Develop CNS-Penetrant ALK2 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.

There are currently no effective chemotherapeutic drugs approved for the treatment of diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG), an aggressive pediatric cancer resident in the pons region of the brainstem. Radiation therapy is beneficial but not curative, with the condition being uniformly fatal. Analysis of the genomic landscape surrounding DIPG has revealed that activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK2) constitutes a potential target for therapeutic intervention given its dysregulation in the disease.

Charge measurement of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride fibers using a custom-made Faraday bucket.

Electrical charges on fabrics, films, and membrane materials are of scientific interest for material development and performance. In many applications, available instruments do not have sufficient sensitivity to detect variations in charge needed for scientific investigations. This paper discusses the design and construction of a custom-made Faraday bucket for measuring the charge of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride fiber mats of sizes 3 × 3 cm and 4 × 4 cm.

PERP-ing into diverse mechanisms of cancer pathogenesis: Regulation and role of the p53/p63 effector PERP.

The tetraspan plasma membrane protein PERP (p53 apoptosis effector related to PMP22) is a lesser-known transcriptional target of p53 and p63. A member of the PMP22/GAS3/EMP membrane protein family, PERP was originally identified as a p53 target specifically trans-activated during apoptosis, but not during cell-cycle arrest. Several studies have since shown downregulation of PERP expression in numerous cancers, suggesting that PERP is a tumour suppressor protein.

Factors associated with early long-acting reversible contraceptives discontinuation in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey.

Background: Ethiopia is struggling to achieve the 2020 family planning target. But the current contraceptive prevalence uptake is low and dominated by short-acting methods. Contraceptive discontinuation rate is also high.

Targeting ALK2: An Open Science Approach to Developing Therapeutics for the Treatment of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma.

Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma is an aggressive pediatric cancer for which no effective chemotherapeutic drugs exist. Analysis of the genomic landscape of this disease has led to the identification of the serine/threonine kinase ALK2 as a potential target for therapeutic intervention. In this work, we adopted an open science approach to develop a series of potent type I inhibitors of ALK2 which are orally bio-available and brain-penetrant.

Gamma-Ray and Radio-Frequency Radiation from Thunderstorms Observed from Space and Ground.

Terrestrial gamma ray flashes (TGFs) are a class of enigmatic electrical discharges in the Earth's atmosphere. In this study, we analyze an unprecedentedly large dataset comprised of 2188 TGFs whose signatures were simultaneously measured using space- and ground-based detectors over a five-year period. The Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) on board the Fermi spacecraft provided the energetic radiation measurements.