Women and Pensions in Italy: Gender Imbalances and the Equalization of Retirement Age.

This paper examines the age at retirement for men and women in Italy. Despite the expansion of women's educational attainments, they still display lower employment rates, are frequently engaged in involuntary part-time jobs and have more fragmented careers. As a consequence, the mean age at which women receive a pension is higher than that of men.

Is individual placement and support an "active" labor market policy?

Objective: The aim of this study was to propose individual placement and support (IPS) as an important component of modern labor market policies and as a paradigm to be considered while drafting and adopting them.

Background: Modern European labor market policies, termed aim to support a personal commitment to seek employment by linking welfare benefits to active engagement in job search.

Method: In this essay, the authors describe European "activation policies," outline labor market regulations in Italy in the last 3 decades, and analyze core components of IPS in the light of labor policies.