Use of surface EMG for evaluation of upper limb spasticity during botulinum toxin therapy in stroke patients.

The clinical assessment of spasticity in stroke patients generally includes descriptive scales, such as the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS) and the Global Pain Scale (GPS), however these may not be sufficiently sensitive to accurately detect improvements, especially at upper limb level; electromyography (EMG) may be the answer to this clinical requirement. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of botulinum toxin type A (BTX) in treating upper extremity spasticity in stroke patients, using clinical evaluation (MAS and GPS) and EMG. Ten patients were assessed before, 30 days and 180 days after BTX injection using clinical evaluations and EMG.

Towards objective evaluation of balance in the elderly: validity and reliability of a measurement instrument applied to the Tinetti test.

The aim of the present study was the validation of an instrument for evaluating balance, applied to the Tinetti test. Trunk inclination was measured by inclinometers during the Tinetti test in 163 healthy participants scoring 28/28 in the Tinetti scale (controls: 92 women, 71 men; age 19-85 years), and 111 residents in old people's homes, able to autonomously perform the test, but scoring less than 28/28 (test group: 78 women, 33 men; age 55-96 years). Trunk inclination was quantified by 20 parameters, whose standardized values were summed and provided an overall performance index (PTOT).

Towards objective quantification of the Tinetti test.

The Tinetti test is a widespread test for assessing motor control in the elderly, which could also be usefully applied in neurology. At present it uses a qualitative measurement scale. As a first step towards its objective quantification, trunk inclination was measured during the test by two inclinometers and quantified by descriptive parameters.