Learning of spatiotemporal patterns in a spiking neural network with resistive switching synapses.

The human brain is a complex integrated spatiotemporal system, where space (which neuron fires) and time (when a neuron fires) both carry information to be processed by cognitive functions. To parallel the energy efficiency and computing functionality of the brain, methodologies operating over both the space and time domains are thus essential. Implementing spatiotemporal functions within nanoscale devices capable of synaptic plasticity would contribute a significant step toward constructing a large-scale neuromorphic system that emulates the computing and energy performances of the human brain.

In vivo enamel fluoride uptake after use of fluoride products.

Purpose: To evaluate fluoride uptake in enamel after use of products containing different fluoride components of distinct oral hygiene regimen in vivo.

Methods: 84 healthy subjects (24 females and 60 males aged 19-26 years, mean 22.2) recruited from the students attending the courses of the Medical Faculty of the University of Sassari, Italy, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments groups: A: treated with a dentifrice containing sodium monofluorophosphate (1250 ppm F-); B: treated with dentifrice with 1250 ppm F- from AmF; C: treated with an AmF toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) and a mouth rinse with 250 ppm F- from AmF; or D: treated with a NaMFP toothpaste (1250 ppm F-) plus 1250 ppm NaMFP varnish.

Fluoride concentration in saliva after use of oral hygiene products.

The purpose of this in vivo, single-blind, randomized study was to compare fluoride concentrations in saliva of patients treated with oral hygiene products containing different fluoride salts. The study involved 104 students attending the University of Sassari. Participants were subdivided: group A used a sodium monofluorophosphate (NaMFP) toothpaste; groups B and C used an amine fluoride (AmF) toothpaste; group D used a toothpaste and a mouthwash both based on AmF, and group E used a toothpaste and a varnish both on an NaMFP base.