The Athletes' Relationships with Training scale (ART): A self-report measure of unhealthy training behaviors associated with eating disorders.

Objective: Several studies indicate that eating-disorder (ED) psychopathology is elevated in athletes compared to non-athletes. The assessment of excessive exercise among athletes is a challenge because, compared to non-athletes, athletes are required to train at higher intensities and for longer periods of time. However, individuals participating in competitive sports are still susceptible to unhealthy physical-activity patterns.

Exercise in Eating Disorders Treatment: Systematic Review and Proposal of Guidelines.

Introduction: Although exercise is an effective intervention for many psychological health issues, it has often been overlooked as a potential adjunct to eating disorder (ED) treatment. Thus, our objective was to summarize the literature by synthesizing themes identified in clinical studies and explicit guidelines or recommendations for the use or management of exercise in ED interventions into a proposed set of guidelines for the use of exercise in ED treatment.

Methods: A literature search in exercise science, health psychology, and the ED literature was conducted.

The influence of exercise identity and social physique anxiety on exercise dependence.

Background: Previous research has identified exercise identity and social physique anxiety as two independent factors that are associated with exercise dependence.

Aims: The purpose of our study was to investigate the unique and interactive effect of these two known correlates of exercise dependence in a sample of 1,766 female runners.

Methods: Regression analyses tested the main effects of exercise identity and social physique anxiety on exercise dependence.

Coaches' knowledge and management of eating disorders: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: It has been suggested that programs regarding early identification and prevention of eating disorders (ED) among athletes are unlikely to succeed without their coaches' endorsement and participation. Therefore, we developed a 1-yr intervention aiming to prevent the development of ED among adolescent elite athletes by targeting athletes and their coaches. The separate part of the intervention targeting the coaches was designed to provide knowledge and strategies regarding healthy nutrition, eating behavior, and ED (symptoms, identification, management, and prevention).

The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad--Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S).

Protecting the health of the athlete is a goal of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The IOC convened an expert panel to update the 2005 IOC Consensus Statement on the Female Athlete Triad. This Consensus Statement replaces the previous and provides guidelines to guide risk assessment, treatment and return-to-play decisions.

Gender differences in high school coaches' knowledge, attitudes, and communication about the female athlete triad.

The objective of this study was to assess high school coaches' knowledge, attitudes, communication, and management decisions with respect to the Female Athlete Triad and to determine whether results are patterned by coach gender. Data were obtained through an online survey of high school coaches (n = 227). Significant differences were found between male and female coaches in certain attitudes and communication behaviors related to eating and menstrual irregularity.

Primary and secondary exercise dependence in a community-based sample of road race runners.

The purpose of our study was to examine exercise dependence (EXD) in a large community-based sample of runners. The secondary purpose of this study was to examine differences in EXD symptoms between primary and secondary EXD. Our sample included 2660 runners recruited from a local road race (M age = 38.

Moderators of the association between exercise identity and obligatory exercise among participants of an athletic event.

Previous research has connected exercise identity with obligatory exercise, yet to date no empirical studies have identified moderator variables of this association. The current study included participants of an athletic event (full marathon, n=582; half marathon, n=1,106; shorter distance, n=733) who completed questionnaires about exercise behaviors, obligatory exercise, and internalization of both the thin-ideal and athletic-ideal body shapes. General linear model analyses were conducted to examine the exercise identity-obligatory exercise relationship; moderator variables included gender, internalization of the thin-ideal body shape, and internalization of the athletic-ideal body shape.

NCAA coaches survey: the role of the coach in identifying and managing athletes with disordered eating.

The primary objective of the present study was to survey collegiate coaches with respect to how female athletes with disordered eating or eating disorders are identified, how coaches are involved, and the identification criteria used. An additional objective was to determine how symptomatic athletes are managed regarding treatment and sport participation. Participants were 2,894 coaches representing 23 sports.

Practical use of the International Olympic Committee Medical Commission Position Stand on the Female Athlete Triad: a case example.

Unlabelled: The female athlete triad consists of the interrelated problems of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis, and it is believed to affect female athletes in all sports and at all levels of competition.

Objective: The current article highlights the Position Stand on the Female Athlete Triad of the International Olympic Committee's Medical Commission (IOCMC).

Method: The literature related to disordered eating, energy availability, amenorrhea, and bone loss in athletes is briefly reviewed.

The female athlete triad.

The Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome of the interrelated components of disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Sometimes inadvertently, but more often by willful dietary restriction, many female athletes do not ingest sufficient calories to adequately fuel their physical or sport activities, which can disrupt menstrual functioning, thereby increasing their risk of bone loss. Although its prevalence is unknown, the Female Athlete Triad is believed to affect many athletes at all ages and all sport competition levels.

Trends in eating disorder symptomatology in an outpatient clinic: 1988-1998.

Eating disorders treatment has been altered by changes in the health care system. In addition, there has been a major emphasis on prevention in recent years. Yet, there are few investigations of the effects of these changes on the severity of patients' symptomatology at intake.

Examining the construct validity of the Eating Disorder Inventory.

The construct validity of the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) was examined in 3 samples. An archival clinic sample (n = 318) of women completed the EDI, a structured interview, and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (MCMI-II). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) indicated that neither null nor 1-factor models of the EDI fit item-level or item-parcel data.

MCMI-II profiles of women with eating disorders: a cluster analytic investigation.

A three-factor model of personality pathology was investigated in a clinical sample of 183 female patients in an outpatient eating disorders treatment program. Cluster analysis of MCMI-II personality scales (Millon, 1987) yielded three distinct personality profiles, which were consistent with previous studies. First, 16.