Coronary calcium score and emphysema extent on different CT radiation dose protocols in lung cancer screening.

Objectives: To assess the consistency of automated measurements of coronary artery calcification (CAC) burden and emphysema extent on computed tomography (CT) images acquired with different radiation dose protocols in a lung cancer screening (LCS) population.

Materials And Methods: The patient cohort comprised 361 consecutive screenees who underwent a low-dose CT (LDCT) scan and an ultra-low-dose CT (ULDCT) scan at an incident screening round. Exclusion criteria for CAC measurements were software failure and previous history of CVD, including coronary stenting, whereas for emphysema assessment, software failure only.

Prior knowledge-guided vision-transformer-based unsupervised domain adaptation for intubation prediction in lung disease at one week.

Data-driven approaches have achieved great success in various medical image analysis tasks. However, fully-supervised data-driven approaches require unprecedentedly large amounts of labeled data and often suffer from poor generalization to unseen new data due to domain shifts. Various unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) methods have been actively explored to solve these problems.

The added value of an AI-based body composition analysis in a lung cancer screening population: preliminary results.

Background And Aims: Body composition has been linked with clinical and prognostic outcomes in patients with cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Body composition analysis in lung cancer screening (LCS) is very limited. This study aimed at assessing the association of subcutaneous fat volume (SFV) and subcutaneous fat density (SFD), measured on chest ultra-low dose computed tomography (ultra-LDCT) images by a fully automated artificial intelligence (AI)-based software, with clinical and anthropometric characteristics in a LCS population.

Surveillance of subsolid nodules avoids unnecessary resections in lung cancer screening: long-term results of the prospective BioMILD trial.

Background: The management of subsolid nodules (SSNs) in lung cancer screening (LCS) is still a topic of debate, with no current uniform strategy to deal with these lesions at risk of overdiagnosis and overtreatment. The BioMILD LCS trial has implemented a prospective conservative approach for SSNs, managing with annual low-dose computed tomography nonsolid nodules (NSNs) and part-solid nodules (PSNs) with a solid component <5 mm, regardless of the size of the nonsolid component. The present study aims to determine the lung cancer (LC) detection and survival in BioMILD volunteers with SSNs.

The pros and cons of lung cancer screening.

Several trials have shown that low-dose computed tomography-based lung cancer screening (LCS) allows a substantial reduction in lung cancer-related mortality, carrying the potential for other clinical benefits. There are, however, some uncertainties to be clarified and several aspects to be implemented to optimize advantages and minimize the potential harms of LCS. This review summarizes current evidence on LCS, discussing some of the well-established and potential benefits, including lung cancer (LC)-related mortality reduction and opportunity for smoking cessation interventions, as well as the disadvantages of LCS, such as overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

Hunting imaging biomarkers in pulmonary fibrosis: Benchmarks of the AIIB23 challenge.

Airway-related quantitative imaging biomarkers are crucial for examination, diagnosis, and prognosis in pulmonary diseases. However, the manual delineation of airway structures remains prohibitively time-consuming. While significant efforts have been made towards enhancing automatic airway modelling, current public-available datasets predominantly concentrate on lung diseases with moderate morphological variations.

Progress in the radiologic diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Purpose Of Review: To discuss the most recent applications of radiological imaging, from conventional to quantitative, in the setting of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) diagnosis.

Recent Findings: In this article, current concepts on radiological diagnosis of IPF, from high-resolution computed tomography (CT) to other imaging modalities, are reviewed. In a separate section, advances in quantitative CT and development of novel imaging biomarkers, as well as current limitations and future research trends, are described.

The Unveiled Triad: Clinical, Radiological and Pathological Insights into Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis.

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) is a diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DLPD) characterized by complex interstitial lung damage with polymorphic and protean inflammatory aspects affecting lung tissue targets including small airways, the interstitium, alveolar compartments and vascular structures. HP shares clinical and often radiological features with other lung diseases in acute or chronic forms. In its natural temporal evolution, if specific therapy is not initiated promptly, HP leads to progressive fibrotic damage with reduced lung volumes and impaired gas exchange.

Long-term outcomes of lung cancer screening in males and females.

Background: This study explored female and male overall mortality and lung cancer (LC) survival in two LC screening (LCS) populations, focusing on the predictive value of coronary artery calcification (CAC) at baseline low-dose computed tomography (LDCT).

Methods: This retrospective study analysed data of 6495 heavy smokers enrolled in the MILD and BioMILD LCS trials between 2005 and 2016. The primary objective of the study was to assess sex differences in all-cause mortality and LC survival.

A fully automated micro‑CT deep learning approach for precision preclinical investigation of lung fibrosis progression and response to therapy.

Micro-computed tomography (µCT)-based imaging plays a key role in monitoring disease progression and response to candidate drugs in various animal models of human disease, but manual image processing is still highly time-consuming and prone to operator bias. Focusing on an established mouse model of bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung fibrosis we document, here, the ability of a fully automated deep-learning (DL)-based model to improve and speed-up lung segmentation and the precise measurement of morphological and functional biomarkers in both the whole lung and in individual lobes. µCT-DL whose results were overall highly consistent with those of more conventional, especially histological, analyses, allowed to cut down by approximately 45-fold the time required to analyze the entire dataset and to longitudinally follow fibrosis evolution and response to the human-use-approved drug Nintedanib, using both inspiratory and expiratory μCT.

Ultra-low dose computed tomography protocols using spectral shaping for lung cancer screening: Comparison with low-dose for volumetric LungRADS classification.

Purpose: To compare Low-Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) with four different Ultra-Low-Dose Computed Tomography (ULDCT) protocols for PN classification according to the Lung Reporting and Data System (LungRADS).

Methods: Three hundred sixty-one participants of an ongoing lung cancer screening (LCS) underwent single-breath-hold double chest Computed Tomography (CT), including LDCT (120kVp, 25mAs; CTDIvol 1,62 mGy) and one ULDCT among: fully automated exposure control ("ULDCT"); fixed tube-voltage and current according to patient size ("ULDCT"); hybrid approach with fixed tube-voltage ("ULDCT") and tube current automated exposure control ("ULDCT"). Two radiologists (R1, R2) assessed LungRADS 2022 categories on LDCT, and then after 2 weeks on ULDCT using two different kernels (R1: Qr49; R2: Br49).

ITA-IMMUNO-PET: The Role of [18F]FDG PET/CT for Assessing Response to Immunotherapy in Patients with Some Solid Tumors.

Aim: To examine the role of [18F]FDG PET/CT for assessing response to immunotherapy in patients with some solid tumors.

Methods: Data recorded in a multicenter ( = 17), retrospective database between March and November 2021 were analyzed. The sample included patients with a confirmed diagnosis of a solid tumor who underwent serial [18F]FDG PET/CT (before and after one or more cycles of immunotherapy), who were >18 years of age, and had a follow-up of at least 12 months after their first PET/CT scan.

MR-based simplified extraprostatic extension evaluation: comparison of performances of different predictive models.

Objectives: To test reproducibility and predictive value of a simplified score for assessment of extraprostatic tumor extension (sEPE grade).

Methods: Sixty-five patients (mean age ± SD, 67 years ± 6.3) treated with radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer who underwent 1.

The radiological appearances of lung cancer treated with immunotherapy.

Therapy and prognosis of several solid and hematologic malignancies, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), have been favourably impacted by the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Their mechanism of action relies on the principle that some cancers can evade immune surveillance by expressing surface inhibitor molecules, known as "immune checkpoints". ICIs aim to conceal tumoural checkpoints on the cell surface and reinvigorate the ability of the host immune system to recognize tumour cells, triggering an antitumoural immune response.

Volumetric Measurements in Lung Cancer Screening Reduces Unnecessary Low-Dose Computed Tomography Scans: Results from a Single-Center Prospective Trial on 4119 Subjects.

This study aims to compare the low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) outcome and volume-doubling time (VDT) derived from the measured volume (MV) and estimated volume (EV) of pulmonary nodules (PNs) detected in a single-center lung cancer screening trial. MV, EV and VDT were obtained for prevalent pulmonary nodules detected at the baseline round of the bioMILD trial. The LDCT outcome (based on bioMILD thresholds) and VDT categories were simulated on PN- and screenee-based analyses.

The diagnostic value of grey-scale inversion technique in chest radiography.

Purpose: We investigated whether the additional use of grey-scale inversion technique improves the interpretation of eight chest abnormalities, in terms of diagnostic performance and interobserver variability.

Material And Methods: A total of 507 patients who underwent a chest computed tomography (CT) examination and a chest radiography (CXR) within 24 h were enrolled. CT was the standard of reference.

Interstitial lung abnormalities: new insights between theory and clinical practice.

Interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) represent radiologic abnormalities incidentally detected on chest computed tomography (CT) examination, potentially related to interstitial lung diseases (ILD). Numerous studies have demonstrated that ILAs are associated with increased risk of progression toward pulmonary fibrosis and mortality. Some radiological patterns have been proven to be at a higher risk of progression.

A Low-Dose CT-Based Radiomic Model to Improve Characterization and Screening Recall Intervals of Indeterminate Prevalent Pulmonary Nodules.

Lung cancer (LC) is currently one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) of the chest has been proven effective in secondary prevention (i.e.

Clinical Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study.

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), an acute respiratory syndrome caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly spread worldwide, significantly affecting the outcome of a highly vulnerable group such as cancer patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical impact of COVID-19 infection on outcome and oncologic treatment of cancer patients.

Patient And Methods: We retrospectively enrolled cancer patients with laboratory and/or radiologic confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, admitted to our center from February to April 2020.