Internalizing Pathways to Adolescent Substance Use from Adverse Childhood Experiences.

The mediating role of anxious, depressive, and somatic symptoms was examined in the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and adolescent substance use, with attention to the unique effects of each set of symptoms within the same model. Adolescents (n = 701) were assessed over time (ages 3-17) in a majority male (70.5%) and white (89.

Analysis of physiology by spectral flow cytometry: Impact of chemical and light exposure.

. fluorescent changes were observed using a Cytek Aurora spectral flow cytometer that contains 5 lasers and 64 narrow band detectors located between 365 and 829 nm. Cyanobacteria were treated with different concentrations of HO and then monitored after exposure between 1 and 8 days.

Polygenic risk score for problematic alcohol use predicts heavy drinking and alcohol use disorder symptoms in young adulthood after accounting for adolescent alcohol use and parental alcohol use disorder.

Background: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified hundreds of loci associated with alcohol-related traits. GWAS permit the calculation of polygenic risk scores (PRS), which aggregate genetic risk for a trait across the genome. To evaluate the usefulness of a PRS for problematic alcohol use (PAU)-which subsumes alcohol use disorder (AUD) and alcohol-related problems-we tested whether this PRS predicted heavy drinking and alcohol problems after accounting for family history of AUD and prior drinking history, robust and established predictors of PAU.

Differential Item Functioning in Reports of Delinquent Behavior Between Black and White Youth: Evidence of Measurement Bias in Self-Reports of Arrest in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.

Youth self-reports are a mainstay of delinquency assessment; however, making valid inferences about delinquency using these assessments requires equivalent measurement across groups of theoretical interest. We examined whether a brief 10-item delinquency measure exhibited measurement invariance across non-Hispanic White ( = 6,064) and Black ( = 1,666) youth (ages 10-11 years old) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®). We detected differential item functioning (DIF) in two items.

Pathways to substance use: Examining conduct problems and parenting behaviors from preschool to adolescence.

While many studies have identified risk and protective factors of substance use (SU), few have assessed the reciprocal associations of child conduct problems (CP) and parenting practices and behaviors in the prediction of SU across development. A greater understanding of how these factors relate over time is needed to improve the timing of targeted prevention efforts. This study examined how child CP, parenting behaviors, and parents' own antisocial behavior relate from preschool to adolescence and eventuate in SU.

Sex-specific and generational effects of alcohol and tobacco use on epigenetic age acceleration in the Michigan longitudinal study.

Background: Excessive alcohol and tobacco use are risk factors for poor health in both men and women, but use patterns and relationships with diseases and mortality differ between sexes. The impact of substance use on the epigenome, including DNA methylation profiles, may also differ by sex. It is also unknown whether parental substance use during childhood is associated with epigenetic changes that persist into adulthood.

Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward among Children with a Family History of Alcohol Use Problems: Convergent Findings from the ABCD Study and Michigan Longitudinal Study.

Having a family history of alcohol use problems (FH+) conveys risk for alcohol use in offspring. Reward-related brain functioning may play a role in this vulnerability. The present study investigated brain function in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) associated with the anticipation of reward in youth with two biological parents with alcohol use problems (FH+2), one biological parent with alcohol use problems (FH+1), and no biological parents with alcohol use problems (FH-).

Sex Moderates Reward- and Loss-Related Neural Correlates of Triarchic-Model Traits and Antisocial Behavior.

Abnormalities in responses to reward and loss are implicated in the etiology of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits. While there is evidence for sex differences in neural response to reward and loss, it remains unclear how sex differences may moderate links between these neural responses and the phenotypic expression of antisocial behavior and psychopathic traits. This study examined sex differences in associations of neural response to reward and loss with antisocial personality symptoms and psychopathic traits.

Adverse childhood experiences, sleep problems, low self-control, and adolescent delinquency: A longitudinal serial mediation analysis.

Several studies link adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to delinquency. Yet, developmental sequalae accounting for this association remain unclear, with previous research limited by cross-sectional research designs and investigations of singular mediating processes. To redress these shortcomings, this study examines the longitudinal association between ACEs and delinquency as mediated by both sleep problems and low self-control, two factors which past research implicates as potentially important for understanding how ACEs contribute to antisocial behavior.

Individual differences in the development of youth externalizing problems predict a broad range of adult psychosocial outcomes.

This study examined how youth aggressive and delinquent externalizing problem behaviors across childhood and adolescence are connected to consequential psychosocial life outcomes in adulthood. Using data from a longitudinal, high-risk sample ( = 1069) that assessed children and their parents regularly from early childhood (ages 3-5) through adulthood, multilevel growth factors of externalizing behaviors were used to predict adult outcomes (age 24-31), providing a sense of how externalizing problems across development were related to these outcomes via maternal, paternal, teacher, and child report. Findings indicated strong support for the lasting connections between youth externalizing problems with later educational attainment and legal difficulties, spanning informants and enduring beyond other meaningful contributors (i.

Measuring retention within the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study.

The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study aims to retain a demographically diverse sample of youth and one parent across 21 sites throughout its 10-year protocol while minimizing selective (systematic) attrition. To evaluate the effectiveness of these efforts, the ABCD Retention Workgroup (RW) has employed a data-driven approach to examine, track, and intervene via three key metrics: (1) which youth completed visits late; (2) which youth missed visits; and (3) which youth withdrew from the study. The RW actively examines demographic (race, education level, family income) and site factors (visit satisfaction, distance from site, and enrollment in ancillary studies) to strategize efforts that will minimize disengagement and loss of participating youth and parents.

Exposure to Parental Alcohol Use Is Associated with Adolescent Drinking Even When Accounting for Alcohol Exposure of Best Friend and Peers.

Aims: To further disentangle the role of exposure to drinking of role models (parents, peers, best friends) in the development of young adolescent alcohol use, the current study examined (a) whether parent's alcohol use exposure was associated with alcohol use outcomes among adolescents and (b) whether this association remained significant when including best friend and peer drinking exposure.

Methods: A longitudinal study followed 765 adolescents from the Netherlands over 3 years. Adolescents (45.

An update on the assessment of culture and environment in the ABCD Study®: Emerging literature and protocol updates over three measurement waves.

Advances in our understanding of risk and resilience factors in adolescent brain health and development increasingly demand a broad set of assessment tools that consider a youth's peer, family, school, neighborhood, and cultural contexts in addition to neurobiological, genetic, and biomedical information. The Culture and Environment (CE) Workgroup (WG) of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study curates these important components of the protocol throughout ten years of planned data collection. In this report, the CE WG presents an update on the evolution of the ABCD Study® CE protocol since study inception (Zucker et al.

Lack of Detectable Direct Effects of Silver and Silver Nanoparticles on Mitochondria in Mouse Hepatocytes.

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are well-proven antimicrobial nanomaterials, yet little is elucidated regarding the mechanism underlying cytotoxicity induced by these nanoparticles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that mitochondria are primary intracellular targets of two AgNPs and silver ions in mouse hepatocytes (AML12) cultured in glucose- and galactose-based media. AML12 cells were more sensitive to mitochondrial uncoupling when grown with galactose rather than glucose.

Differences in child and adult biopsychosocial characteristics associated with regular cannabis use in individuals with and without cannabis use disorder.

Background: Regular cannabis use, even without cannabis use disorder (CUD), is associated with numerous biopsychosocial problems. Biopsychosocial risk factors that precede regular use and CUD might reflect broader pre-existing risk factors rather than the consequence of cannabis use. We aimed to (1) replicate prior work differentiating psychosocial problems associated with regular cannabis use with or without CUD relative to no-use in adulthood, and (2) test if these use groups differed in biopsychosocial functioning in early and middle childhood.

Subtypes of inhibitory and reward activation associated with substance use variation in adolescence: A latent profile analysis of brain imaging data.

The present study identified subgroups based on inhibitory and reward activation, two key neural functions involved in risk-taking behavior, and then tested the extent to which subgroup differences varied by age, sex, behavioral and familial risk, and substance use. Participants were 145 young adults (18-21 years old; 40.0% female) from the Michigan Longitudinal Study.

Rates of Incidental Findings in Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children.

Importance: Incidental findings (IFs) are unexpected abnormalities discovered during imaging and can range from normal anatomic variants to findings requiring urgent medical intervention. In the case of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), reliable data about the prevalence and significance of IFs in the general population are limited, making it difficult to anticipate, communicate, and manage these findings.

Objectives: To determine the overall prevalence of IFs in brain MRI in the nonclinical pediatric population as well as the rates of specific findings and findings for which clinical referral is recommended.

Correspondence Between Perceived Pubertal Development and Hormone Levels in 9-10 Year-Olds From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.

Aim: To examine individual variability between perceived physical features and hormones of pubertal maturation in 9-10-year-old children as a function of sociodemographic characteristics.

Methods: Cross-sectional metrics of puberty were utilized from the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study-a multi-site sample of 9-10 year-olds (n = 11,875)-and included perceived physical features the pubertal development scale (PDS) and child salivary hormone levels (dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone in all, and estradiol in females). Multi-level models examined the relationships among sociodemographic measures, physical features, and hormone levels.

Detection of large extracellular silver nanoparticle rings observed during mitosis using darkfield microscopy.

During studies on the absorption and interactions between silver nanoparticles and mammalian cells grown in vitro it was observed that large extracellular rings of silver nanoparticles were deposited on the microscope slide, many located near post-mitotic cells. Silver nanoparticles (AgNP, 80nm), coated with citrate, were incubated at concentrations of 0.3 to 30 μg/ml with a human-derived culture of retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and observed using darkfield and fluorescent microscopy, 24 h after treatment.

Childhood trauma, alexithymia, and mental states recognition among individuals with alcohol use disorder and healthy controls.

Background: Although prior work indicates a link between childhood trauma, alexithymia, and mental states recognition, empirical support is limited. Moreover, findings based on adult samples are mixed. Previous studies demonstrate that childhood trauma might either enhance, preserve, or reduce mental states recognition in selected at-risk populations.

Natural Disasters in the Americas, Dialysis Patients, and Implications for Emergency Planning: A Systematic Review.

Introduction: Natural hazards are elements of the physical environment caused by forces extraneous to human intervention and may be harmful to human beings. Natural hazards, such as weather events, can lead to natural disasters, which are serious societal disruptions that can disrupt dialysis provision, a life-threatening event for dialysis-dependent people. The adverse outcomes associated with missed dialysis sessions are likely exacerbated in island settings, where health care resources and emergency procedures are limited.

Developmental maturation of inhibitory control circuitry in a high-risk sample: A longitudinal fMRI study.

Background: The goal of this work was to characterize the maturation of inhibitory control brain function from childhood to early adulthood using longitudinal data collected in two cohorts.

Methods: Functional MRI during a go/no-go task was conducted in 290 participants, with 88 % undergoing repeated scanning at 1- to 2-year intervals. One group entered the study at age 7-13 years (n = 117); the other entered at age 18-23 years (n = 173).

Relationship Between Alcohol-related Family Adversity, Alcohol Use Across Adolescence, and Mental States Recognition in Young Adulthood.

Objectives: Although a theoretical link between childhood adversity and mental states recognition has been established, empirical findings are mixed. Some prior work indicates that childhood adversity might enhance, preserve, or reduce mentalization skills in selected at-risk populations. In the current study, we examine whether the presence of risky alcohol use during adolescence moderates the association between childhood alcohol-related family adversity and mental states recognition in young adulthood.

The role of pubertal timing in the link between family history of alcohol use disorder and late adolescent substance use.

Background: Youth who experience puberty earlier than their peers are at heightened risk for substance use during adolescence. However, little is known about whether pubertal timing exacerbates effects of relevant early risk factors, such as family substance use history, as predicted by the "accentuation hypothesis". Using longitudinal data from youth with and without a family history of alcohol use disorder (AUD FHx), we evaluated whether pubertal timing intensifies preexisting familial risk effects on late adolescent substance use.