Developing a hippocampal neural prosthetic to facilitate human memory encoding and recall of stimulus features and categories.

Objective: Here, we demonstrate the first successful use of static neural stimulation patterns for specific information content. These static patterns were derived by a model that was applied to a subject's own hippocampal spatiotemporal neural codes for memory.

Approach: We constructed a new model of processes by which the hippocampus encodes specific memory items via spatiotemporal firing of neural ensembles that underlie the successful encoding of targeted content into short-term memory.

No Delayed Ruptures on Long-Term Follow-Up of a Case Series of Persistently Filling Saccular Internal Carotid Artery Aneurysms After Flow Diversion With the Pipeline Embolization Device.

Background And Objectives: Flow diversion of intracranial aneurysms results in high occlusion rates. However, 10% to 20% remain persistently filling at 1 year. Often, these are retreated, but benefits of retreatment are not well established.

On the Determination of Kappa Distribution Functions from Space Plasma Observations.

The velocities of space plasma particles, often follow kappa distribution functions. The kappa index, which labels and governs these distributions, is an important parameter in understanding the plasma dynamics. Space science missions often carry plasma instruments on board which observe the plasma particles and construct their velocity distribution functions.

Determining the Bulk Parameters of Plasma Electrons from Pitch-Angle Distribution Measurements.

Electrostatic analysers measure the flux of plasma particles in velocity space and determine their velocity distribution function. There are occasions when science objectives require high time-resolution measurements, and the instrument operates in short measurement cycles, sampling only a portion of the velocity distribution function. One such high-resolution measurement strategy consists of sampling the two-dimensional pitch-angle distributions of the plasma particles, which describes the velocities of the particles with respect to the local magnetic field direction.

Author Correction: Multicellular 3D Neurovascular Unit Model for Assessing Hypoxia and Neuroinflammation Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Community economic factors influence outcomes for patients with primary malignant glioma.

Background: Community economics and other social health determinants influence outcomes in oncologic patient populations. We sought to explore their impact on presentation, treatment, and survival in glioma patients.

Methods: A retrospective cohort of patients with glioma (World Health Organization grades III-IV) diagnosed between 1999 and 2017 was assembled with data abstracted from medical record review.

Hippocampal CA1 and CA3 neural recording in the human brain: validation of depth electrode placement through high-resolution imaging and electrophysiology.

Objective: Intracranial human brain recordings typically utilize recording systems that do not distinguish individual neuron action potentials. In such cases, individual neurons are not identified by location within functional circuits. In this paper, verified localization of singly recorded hippocampal neurons within the CA3 and CA1 cell fields is demonstrated.

Multicellular 3D Neurovascular Unit Model for Assessing Hypoxia and Neuroinflammation Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a dynamic component of the brain-vascular interface that maintains brain homeostasis and regulates solute permeability into brain tissue. The expression of tight junction proteins between adjacent endothelial cells and the presence of efflux proteins prevents entry of foreign substances into the brain parenchyma. BBB dysfunction, however, is evident in many neurological disorders including ischemic stroke, trauma, and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.

Drug compound screening in single and integrated multi-organoid body-on-a-chip systems.

Current practices in drug development have led to therapeutic compounds being approved for widespread use in humans, only to be later withdrawn due to unanticipated toxicity. These occurrences are largely the result of erroneous data generated by in vivo and in vitro preclinical models that do not accurately recapitulate human physiology. Herein, a human primary cell- and stem cell-derived 3D organoid technology is employed to screen a panel of drugs that were recalled from market by the FDA.

Far Lateral Craniotomy for Resection of Foramen Magnum Meningioma.

 Foramen magnum meningiomas present a formidable challenge to resection due to frequent involvement of the lower cranial nerves and vertebrobasilar circulation. The video shows the use of a far lateral craniotomy to resect a foramen magnum meningioma.  A 49-year-old woman presented with neck pain and was found to have a large foramen magnum meningioma ( Fig.

Left Far Lateral Craniotomy for Clipping of a Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysm.

 The complex anatomical relationships of neurovascular structures at the craniovertebral junction make the clipping of a posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm surgically challenging. We demonstrate the clipping of a PICA aneurysm in the video.  A 65-year-old woman presented with a nonsymptomatic unruptured left PICA aneurysm; follow-up angiography showed an increase in its size.

Two cases of brainstem neurocysticercosis removal: operative video.

Neurocysticercosis is primarily managed with anthelminthic, antiepileptic, and corticosteroid therapies. Surgical removal of the larval cyst is indicated when associated mass effect causes neurological symptoms, as demonstrated in two cases. Cyst resection was achieved via the far lateral approach for a cervicomedullary cyst in one patient and via the subtemporal approach for a mesencephalic cyst in another.

Surgical treatment of falcotentorial meningiomas: a retrospective review of a single-institution experience.

Objective: Meningiomas at the falcotentorial junction represent a rare subgroup of complex meningiomas. Debate remains regarding the appropriate treatment strategy for and optimal surgical approach to these tumors, and surgical outcomes have not been well described in the literature. The authors reviewed their single-institution experience in the management, approach selection, and outcomes for patients with falcotentorial meningiomas.

Insular cavernous malformation resection through a minipterional, transsylvian approach.

Cavernous malformations of the brain are low-flow vascular lesions that have a propensity to hemorrhage. Extensive surgical approaches are often required for operative cure of deep-seated lesions. A 23-year-old female presented with a cavernous malformation of the left posterior insula with surrounding hematoma measuring up to 3 cm.

Mini-pterional approach for clip ligation of ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistula.

Ethmoidal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) have a near-universal association with cortical venous drainage and a malignant clinical course. Endovascular treatment options are often limited due to the high frequency of ophthalmic artery ethmoidal supply. A 64-year-old gentleman presented with syncope and was found to have a right ethmoidal DAVF.

Corpus callosotomy via laser interstitial thermal therapy: a case series.

Corpus callosotomy has been used as a form of surgical palliation for patients suffering from medically refractory generalized seizures, including drop attacks. Callosotomy has traditionally been described as involving a craniotomy with microdissection. MR-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRg-LITT) has recently been used as a minimally invasive method for performing surgical ablation of epileptogenic foci and corpus callosotomy.

Candidate Performance and Observable Audience Response: Laughter and Applause-Cheering During the First 2016 Clinton-Trump Presidential Debate.

Raucous audience applause-cheering, laughter, and even booing by a passionately involved electorate marked the 2016 presidential debates from the start of the primary season. While the presence and intensity of these observable audience responses (OARs) can be expected from partisan primary debates, the amount of not just laughter, but also applause-cheering and booing during the first general election debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump was unprecedented. Such norm-violating audience behavior raises questions concerning not just the presence, strength, and timing of these OAR, but also their influence on those watching on television, streaming video, or listening to radio.

Developing a hippocampal neural prosthetic to facilitate human memory encoding and recall.

Objective: We demonstrate here the first successful implementation in humans of a proof-of-concept system for restoring and improving memory function via facilitation of memory encoding using the patient's own hippocampal spatiotemporal neural codes for memory. Memory in humans is subject to disruption by drugs, disease and brain injury, yet previous attempts to restore or rescue memory function in humans typically involved only nonspecific, modulation of brain areas and neural systems related to memory retrieval.

Approach: We have constructed a model of processes by which the hippocampus encodes memory items via spatiotemporal firing of neural ensembles that underlie the successful encoding of short-term memory.

Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

Unlabelled: Approximately one-third of patients with epilepsy do not achieve adequate seizure control through medical management alone. Mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is one of the most common forms of medically refractory epilepsy referred for surgical management. Stereotactic laser amygdalohippocampotomy using magnetic resonance-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy (MRg-LITT) is an important emerging therapy for MTLE.

Inhibition of Corneal Neovascularization by Subconjunctival Injection of Fc-Endostatin, a Novel Inhibitor of Angiogenesis.

We assessed the antiangiogenic effects of subconjunctival injection of Fc-endostatin (FcE) using a human vascular endothelial growth factor-induced rabbit corneal neovascularization model. Angiogenesis was induced in rabbit corneas through intrastromal implantations of VEGF polymer implanted 2 mm from the limbus. NZW rabbits were separated into groups receiving twice weekly subconjunctival injections of either saline; 25 mg/mL bevacizumab; 2 mg/mL FcE; or 20 mg/mL FcE.

En bloc spondylectomy for primary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the thoracic spine with aortic involvement: case report.

In this article, the authors describe a 48-year-old man who initially presented with progressively worsening back pain. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a soft-tissue mass involving the T10-11 vertebral bodies with extension anteriorly into the aorta as well as epidural extension without spinal cord compression. A biopsy of the mass showed findings consistent with a malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH).

Intracranial microcapsule chemotherapy delivery for the localized treatment of rodent metastatic breast adenocarcinoma in the brain.

Metastases represent the most common brain tumors in adults. Surgical resection alone results in 45% recurrence and is usually accompanied by radiation and chemotherapy. Adequate chemotherapy delivery to the CNS is hindered by the blood-brain barrier.

Local delivery of cancer-cell glycolytic inhibitors in high-grade glioma.

Background: 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA) and dichloroacetate (DCA) are inhibitors of cancer-cell specific aerobic glycolysis. Their application in glioma is limited by 3-BrPA's inability to cross the blood-brain-barrier and DCA's dose-limiting toxicity. The safety and efficacy of intracranial delivery of these compounds were assessed.