Quantifying and valuing potential climate change impacts on coral reefs in the United States: comparison of two scenarios.

The biological and economic values of coral reefs are highly vulnerable to increasing atmospheric and ocean carbon dioxide concentrations. We applied the COMBO simulation model (COral Mortality and Bleaching Output) to three major U.S.

Projected changes to growth and mortality of Hawaiian corals over the next 100 years.

Background: Recent reviews suggest that the warming and acidification of ocean surface waters predicated by most accepted climate projections will lead to mass mortality and declining calcification rates of reef-building corals. This study investigates the use of modeling techniques to quantitatively examine rates of coral cover change due to these effects.

Methodology/principal Findings: Broad-scale probabilities of change in shallow-water scleractinian coral cover in the Hawaiian Archipelago for years 2000-2099 A.

Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. II. Horizontal penetration of the contaminant plume.

Part I of this study (Rubin, H.; Buddemeier, R.W.

Groundwater contamination downstream of a contaminant penetration site. I. Extension-expansion of the contaminant plume.

This study concerns the possible use of boundary layer (BL) approach for the analysis and evaluation of contaminant transport in groundwater due to contaminant penetration into the groundwater aquifer through a site of limited size. The contaminant penetration may occur through either the upper (surface) or lower (bedrock) boundary of the aquifer. Two general cases of contaminant penetration mechanisms are considered: (1) the contaminant is transferred through an interface between a contaminating and freshwater fluid phases, and (2) the contaminant arrives at groundwater by leakage and percolation.