One-carbon metabolite supplementation to heifers for the first 14 d of the estrous cycle alters the plasma and hepatic one-carbon metabolite pool and methionine-folate cycle enzyme transcript abundance in a dose-dependent manner.

The objective of this study was to determine the dose of folate and vitamin B12 in beef heifers fed rumen protected methionine and choline required to maintain increased B12 levels and intermediates of the methionine-folate cycle in circulation. Angus heifers (n = 30; BW = 392.6 ± 12.

Post-treatment cephalometric changes in adolescent patients with Class II malocclusion treated using two different functional appliance systems for an extended time period: a randomized clinical trial.

Objectives: To assess the post-treatment changes in Class II adolescent patients treated with two different functional appliances for an extended time period.

Design: Randomized clinical trial.

Setting: One university and one district general hospital in the UK.

Royal London space analysis: plaster versus digital model assessment.

Aim: With the advent of digital study models, the importance of being able to evaluate space requirements becomes valuable to treatment planning and the justification for any required extraction pattern. This study was undertaken to compare the validity and reliability of the Royal London space analysis (RLSA) undertaken on plaster as compared with digital models.

Materials And Methods: A pilot study (n = 5) was undertaken on plaster and digital models to evaluate the feasibility of digital space planning.

The timing of significant arch dimensional changes with fixed orthodontic appliances: data from a multicenter randomised controlled trial.

Objectives: To identify the timing of significant arch dimensional increases during orthodontic alignment involving round and rectangular nickel-titanium (NiTi) wires and rectangular stainless steel (SS). A secondary aim was to compare the timing of changes occurring with conventional and self-ligating fixed appliance systems.

Methods: In this non-primary publication, additional data from a multicenter randomised trial initially involving 96 patients, aged 16 years and above, were analysed.

Comparison of maxillary arch dimensional changes with passive and active self-ligation and conventional brackets in the permanent dentition: a multicenter, randomized controlled trial.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare maxillary arch dimensional and inclination changes during alignment with conventional brackets and self-ligation.

Methods: Ninety-six patients, ages 16 years and above, were included in this multicenter, 3-group parallel randomized trial. The main outcome measures were changes in maxillary intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar dimensions, and molar and incisor inclination changes.

An investigation of cephalometric and morphological predictors of successful twin block therapy.

Objective: To identify predictors of overjet reduction, changes in mandibular length (Co-Me) and antero-posterior changes in mandibular position (Pog-Vert) during Twin Block therapy.

Methods: Pre- and post-treatment cephalograms of 131 participants were analysed (Mean age 12.73 years +/- 1) following Twin Block therapy.

An extended period of functional appliance therapy: a controlled clinical trial comparing the Twin Block and Dynamax appliances.

The aim of this clinical trial was to compare the hard- and soft-tissue effects of 15 month full-time functional appliance therapy with Twin Block (TB) and Dynamax (Dx) appliances. The effects on both hard and soft tissue were analysed using cephalograms and three-dimensional optical surface laser scans. One hundred and three subjects with a class II division 1 malocclusion, and a minimum overjet of 7mm were available for analysis following stratified randomization according to gender and age.

Randomized clinical trial of orthodontic treatment efficiency with self-ligating and conventional fixed orthodontic appliances.

Introduction: Our objective was to test the hypotheses that treatment with 2 fixed orthodontic appliances (SmartClip and Victory; 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) would result in no difference in (1) the duration of orthodontic treatment or (2) the number of visits required.

Methods: Sixty-six consecutive patients were randomly allocated to treatment with a self-ligating bracket system (SmartClip) or a conventional appliance (Victory). The duration of treatment and the number of visits required in addition to the initial and final peer assessment rating (PAR) scores were recorded.

Assessed facial normality after Twin Block therapy.

The first aim of this study was to identify any difference in the perception of facial normality between orthodontists and lay people of patients with the initial presentation of a Class II division 1 malocclusion, the second is to investigate whether there was an identifiable facial change following Twin Block (TB) therapy, and lastly, the relationship between identifiable facial change and clinical measurements was explored. Animated laser scans of 16 randomly selected adolescent patients, nine males aged 12-14 years and seven females aged 11-13 years with Class II division 1 malocclusions before and after TB therapy, were assessed on a visual analogue scale (VAS) by 34 orthodontists and 35 lay people. The 'Mark and Measure' and 'Orientated' techniques were used to determine soft tissue dimensions.

Comparison of mandibular arch changes during alignment and leveling with 2 preadjusted edgewise appliances.

Introduction: Our objective was to compare the effects of 2 preadjusted appliances on angular and linear changes of the mandibular incisors, and transverse mandibular arch dimensional changes over a minimum of 30 weeks. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled, clinical trial a the Royal London Hospital, School of Dentistry, in London and the Kent and Canterbury Hospital in Canterbury, United Kingdom.

Methods: Sixty- six consecutive patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled and randomly allocated to treatment with a self-ligating bracket system (SmartClip, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and conventional preadjusted edgewise brackets (Victory, 3M Unitek).

Efficiency of mandibular arch alignment with 2 preadjusted edgewise appliances.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of mandibular arch alignment in 3 dimensions with a self-ligating bracket system (SmartClip, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and a conventional preadjusted edgewise twin bracket (Victory, 3M Unitek) in nonextraction patients. This was a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial at the Royal London Hospital, School of Dentistry, and Kent and Canterbury Hospital, United Kingdom. Sixty-six consecutive patients satisfying the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the study.

Self-ligating appliances: evolution or revolution?

Aims: To review the literature relating to self-ligating orthodontic appliances.

Methods: Narrative review of the relevant historic and contemporary research.

Results: Proposed advantages of these appliance systems include reduced friction, more efficient mechanotherapy, improved operator efficiency, and more secure ligation.

Arch form and dimensional changes in orthodontics.

In the first part of this article arch dimensional changes related to growth and fixed appliance therapy were discussed. A trend towards greater acceptance of arch development and expansion has followed advances in orthodontic appliances and arch wires. Longitudinal studies have highlighted the relapse potential related to expansion of the transverse dimension, particularly the mandibular inter-canine width.

Arch form and dimensional changes in orthodontics.

The dental arch form is a composite of individual tooth position; alteration in arch dimensions may be planned to alleviate crowding, to address transverse discrepancies and may be considered to enhance smile aesthetics. Characteristic changes in arch dimensions occur throughout life including a reduction in transverse dimensions and arch length; increases in transverse dimensions are typical during orthodontic treatment. In this paper the literature relating to arch dimensional changes arising naturally with growth and produced by orthodontic treatment is reviewed and discussed.

Prospective randomized clinical trial comparing the effects of a masticatory bite wafer and avoidance of hard food on pain associated with initial orthodontic tooth movement.

Introduction: The purpose of this prospective, randomized clinical trial was to compare the use of masticatory bite wafers with the avoidance of mastication in reducing pain and discomfort associated with initial orthodontic tooth movement.

Methods: Eighty-four subjects (mean age, 14.1 years), randomly allocated to a bite-wafer group (BWG) or a reduced-mastication group (RMG), completed the study.

Prospective clinical trial comparing the effects of conventional Twin-block and mini-block appliances: Part 2. Soft tissue changes.

Purpose: The aims of this prospective clinical trial were to compare the soft tissue effects of Twin-block (TB) and mini-block (MB) functional appliances by using lateral cephalograms and optical surface laser scans and to evaluate the extent of posttreatment relapse with both appliances.

Material: Seventy Class II Division 1 patients meeting set inclusion criteria were matched by age and sex. The matched pairs were randomly allocated to treatment with either the TB or the MB appliance.

Prospective clinical trial comparing the effects of conventional Twin-block and mini-block appliances: Part 1. Hard tissue changes.

Purpose: The aim of this prospective clinical trial was to compare the dentoskeletal effects of a conventional and a modified Twin-block (TB) appliance. The conventional TB appliance was constructed with a large, single-step advancement. The modified appliance, termed the mini-block (MB), was incrementally advanced, incorporated a maxillary incisor torquing spring, and had a reduced bite-block height.

Quetiapine for treatment of refractory symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

To assess the effects of adjunctive quetiapine for treatment of refractory symptoms of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), charts of Vietnam veterans with war-connected PTSD who had been prescribed quetiapine were reviewed. Only patients with symptoms that had not responded to adequate therapy with two or more psychotropic medications prior to quetiapine treatment were analyzed. Addition of quetiapine to ongoing therapy resulted in further symptomatic improvements in DSM-IV PTSD criterion B (re-experiencing) for 35%, criterion C (avoidance/numbing) for 28%, and criterion D (arousal) for 65% of study subjects.