Exploring latent clusters in pediatric OCD based on symptoms, severity, age, gender, and comorbidity.

Given diverse symptom expression and high rates of comorbid conditions, the present study explored underlying commonalities among OCD-affected children and adolescents to better conceptualize disorder presentation and associated features. Data from 830 OCD-affected participants presenting to OCD specialty centers was aggregated. Dependent mixture modeling was used to examine latent clusters based on their age- and gender adjusted symptom severity (as measured by the Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale; CY-BOCS), symptom type (as measured by factor scores calculated from the CY-BOCS symptom checklist), and comorbid diagnoses (as assessed via diagnostic interviews).

FAST CBT for pediatric OCD: A multiple-baseline controlled pilot trial of parent training in exposure and response prevention delivered telehealth.

Objective: The current study utilized a single case series, non-concurrent multiple baseline design to examine the efficacy of training parents telehealth videoconferencing in exposure and response prevention (ERP) for home delivery of the treatment for their children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD).

Method: There were nine participants aged 8 to 14  years who had received a primary diagnosis of OCD. The design involved a series of AB replications, whereby following pre-treatment assessments participants were randomly assigned to either a 2-week ( = 4) or 3-week ( = 5) baseline condition with weekly monitoring of their child's OCD symptoms.

Comorbidities in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Comorbidities are seen with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) across the lifespan. Neurodevelopmental comorbidities are common in young children, followed by mood, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive related disorders (OCRDs) in children, adolescents and adults, and neurological and degenerative disorders in the elderly. Understanding comorbidity prevalence and patterns has clinical and research implications.

Effects of Treatment Setting on Outcomes of Flexibly-Dosed Intensive Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric OCD: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

Optimizing individual outcomes of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) remains a priority. Youth were randomized to receive intensive CBT at a hospital clinic ( = 14) or within their home ( = 12). Youth completed 3 × 3 h sessions (Phase I) and up to four additional 3-h sessions as desired/needed (Phase II).

Prevalence, severity, and clinical correlates of food neophobia in Salvadorian youth.

Food neophobia (FN) describes problematic fear-based avoidance/restriction of novel foods. Using the novel parent-reported Measure of Food Neophobia (MFN), the authors examined FN symptoms and impairment in 305 Salvadorian children and explored clinical correlates. Factor analysis supported the MFN's designed structure to inquire about FN symptoms and FN impairment.

Race and ethnicity in pediatric OCD: An exploratory study of a clinical North American sample.

Background: Influences of race and ethnicity have received limited attention in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), despite noted importance in other psychiatric diseases. We sought to compare racially defined groups presenting to a North American tertiary care pediatric OCD subspecialty clinic.

Methods: Clinician-rated and parent/child-reported information was extracted from a research data registry comprising OCD-affected youth assessed between 2011 and 2018.

Neurocognitive risk markers in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has complex genetic underpinnings, particularly in its early-onset form, which places siblings at a 10-fold increased risk of developing the disorder. Examination for neurocognitive markers preceding pediatric OCD onset has not been conducted, although markers have been identified in adult OCD. This study compared neurocognition across groups of OCD-affected youth (n = 87), unaffected siblings of those with early-onset OCD (n = 67), and healthy controls (HC; n = 79).

A Pilot Study of Family-Based Exposure-Focused Treatment for Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Anxiety.

Anxiety is a common and impairing condition in youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Evidence supports the use of cognitive behavioral therapy for treating anxiety in this population; however, available treatment protocols may be difficult to implement outside of research settings. The present study examined the efficacy of family-based exposure-focused treatment (FET) compared to a treatment as usual (TAU) control in 32 youth aged 6-17 years with ASD and co-occurring anxiety.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy booster treatment in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: A utilization assessment pilot study.

Background: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for pediatric obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD) is effective, although many individuals report they need continued support after completing treatment.

Methods: Six monthly drop-in booster sessions were offered to 94 youth with OCD and their parents who previously had completed a 12-week group family-based CBT program (GF-CBT). This report describes program utilization rates and participant satisfaction levels.

Avoidance, Insight, Impairment Recognition Concordance, and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Outcomes in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

Objective: Insight and avoidance are commonly discussed factors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that have demonstrated associations with increased severity as well as reduced treatment response in adults, but these factors have not been sufficiently examined in pediatric OCD. This study examined the impacts of avoidance, insight, and impairment recognition concordance on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes as well as impacts of CBT on insight and avoidance in a large sample of youths affected by OCD.

Method: Data from 573 OCD-affected youths enrolled in CBT trials were aggregated.

Coercive and disruptive behaviors mediate group cognitive-behavioral therapy response in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Purpose: Coercive and disruptive behaviors (CDBs) are commonplace in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and are associated with increased disorder impact and reduced treatment response. Prior research suggests that CDBs mediate the cross-sectional relationship between family accommodation and OCD symptom severity; however, the impact of reducing CDBs on other treatment outcomes has yet to be studied.

Methods: Participants comprised 49 OCD-affected youth (42.

Symptom Insight in Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Outcomes of an International Aggregated Cross-Sectional Sample.

Insight in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) refers to patients' recognition that their obsessions and compulsions are symptoms rather than necessary or natural thoughts and behaviors. It has been estimated that 20% to 45% of youth with OCD exhibit poor or absent insight. Identified correlates of poor insight include younger age, increased OCD severity, impairment, and family accommodation; lower intellectual and adaptive functioning; and greater depressive symptoms.

Academic skills in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: A preliminary study.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a prevalent and debilitating illness that often begins in childhood and has a significant impact on the functioning of youth and their families. Given that schooling represents a considerable portion of youth's lives and is a key contributor to their development, identifying impacts of OCD on school performance is important.

Methods: The present study evaluated academic skill differences in OCD-affected youth age 7 to 18 (n = 25) compared with matched healthy controls (HCs; n = 25), as captured via standardized testing.

Initial psychometrics, outcomes, and correlates of the Repetitive Body Focused Behavior Scale: Examination in a sample of youth with anxiety and/or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background: Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviors (BFRBs), including skin-picking, hair-pulling, and nail-biting, commonly occur in youth, even at elevated/problematic levels, and are associated with a number of other psychiatric symptoms. The present study examined the internal consistency of a brief screening tool for BFRBs as well as the prevalence, severity, and correlates of BFRBs in a sample of youth with a primary anxiety or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Methods: Ninety-three youth-parent dyads presenting for treatment for anxiety or OCD completed study measures including the Repetitive Body Focused Behavior Scale - Parent (RBFBS), which includes subscales for skin-picking, hair-pulling, and nail-biting, as well as a number of additional clinician-, parent-, and child-rated scales.

Group family-based cognitive behavioral therapy for pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder: Global outcomes and predictors of improvement.

This open, uncontrolled study examined the efficacy of a group family-based cognitive behavioral therapy (GF-CBT) protocol in treating pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and explored predictors of symptom improvement. Eighty-five OCD-affected youth aged 8-18 years (M = 13.9 years, SD = 2.

Children's and Parents' Ability to Tolerate Child Distress: Impact on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Pediatric Obsessive Compulsive Disorder.

The present study explored the concept of tolerance for child distress in 46 children (ages 5-8), along with their mothers and fathers, who received family-based CBT for OCD. The study sought to describe baseline tolerance, changes in tolerance with treatment, and the predictive impact of tolerance on symptom improvement. Tolerance was rated by clinicians on a single item and the CY-BOCS was used to measure OCD severity.

Secondary outcomes from the pediatric obsessive compulsive disorder treatment study II.

Unlabelled: The Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Study II (POTS II) investigated the benefit of serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) augmentation with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Primary outcomes focused on OCD symptom change and indicated benefit associated with a full course of CBT. Given that the majority of youth with OCD suffer from significant comorbid symptoms and impaired quality of life, the current study examined POTS II data for effects on secondary outcomes.

The Treatment Worries Questionnaire: Conjoined measures for evaluating worries about psychosocial treatment in youth and their parents.

Treatment worries, which surround requirements and results of obtaining treatment, may represent an important construct; however, previous measures were limited by their specificity, format, and lack of parent report. Therefore the present study examined the initial outcomes and psychometrics of corresponding measures of treatment worries in youth (Treatment Worries Questionnaire - Child; TWQ-C) and their parents (Treatment Worries Questionnaire - Parent; TWQ-P). Participants were 94 youth (7-17-years old) and parent dyads presenting for treatment of an anxiety disorder.

Examination of the Phenomenology and Clinical Correlates of Emetophobia in a Sample of Salvadorian Youths.

Emetophobia is an under-researched disorder characterized by a specific fear of vomiting. There is a paucity of research on this impairing condition, with extant examinations being largely limited to adult samples and online communities. The present study examined the incidence, phenomenology, and correlates of emetophobia in 305 Salvadorian youths.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychiatric treatments for excoriation (skin-picking) disorder.

Objective: While individual trials suggest benefit of interventions for excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (ExD), limited systematic evaluation of treatments, or their collective benefit, exists.

Methods: The present study examined the current state of treatments for ExD in a systematic review and meta-analysis and explored potential treatment moderators. Twelve trials were identified for review, including five with a control condition.

A meta-analysis of family accommodation and OCD symptom severity.

Family accommodation in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by myriad behaviors, such as modifying family routines, facilitating avoidance, and engaging in compulsions to reduce obsessional distress. It has been linked to various deleterious outcomes including increased functional impairment and poorer treatment response for OCD. Although extant literature suggests a linear relationship between family accommodation and OCD symptom severity, the magnitude and statistical significance of this association has been inconsistent across studies, indicating that moderators may be influencing this relationship.

Treatment Concerns and Functional Impairment in Pediatric Anxiety.

Although there are efficacious, evidence-based treatments for anxiety disorders, youth often experience delays in seeking therapy. Myriad reasons may contribute to this lag in treatment initiation, with some youth possessing concerns about therapy. Treatment concerns are broadly characterized by worries/ambivalence about seeking treatment, including concerns about the negative reactions, consequences, and inconvenience of treatment.

A pilot trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy augmentation of antibiotic treatment in youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome-related obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Background: This study reports an open trial of family-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) exhibiting an onset pattern consistent with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS).

Methods: Eleven primarily Caucasian youth with PANS-related OCD (range=4-14 years; 6 boys) who were incomplete responders to antibiotic treatment, received family-based CBT delivered either face-to-face or via web camera.

Results: All participants completing treatment (8 of 8) were considered improved at posttreatment, and average obsessive-compulsive symptom severity was reduced by 49%.

Treating trichotillomania: a meta-analysis of treatment effects and moderators for behavior therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist examining the efficacy of behavior therapy (BT) or serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM), with no examination of treatment moderators. The present meta-analysis synthesized the treatment effect sizes (ES) of BT and SRI relative to comparison conditions, and examined moderators of treatment. A comprehensive literature search identified 11 RCTs that met inclusion criteria.