Global Study on the Accuracy of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Low Diagnosis in Breast Cancer.

Context.—: Recently, a new type of antibody-drug conjugate, trastuzumab-deruxtecan (T-DXd), has been approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer with low level of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene expression. Thereby, eligibility relies on an accurate diagnosis of HER2-low status defined by immunohistochemistry IHC 1+/2+ with no gene amplification.

Lung adenocarcinoma metastasis within a pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: a case report with review of literature.

Collision tumors involving the metastasis of malignant neoplasms to pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) are extremely rare. We herein report a case involving a patient with lung adenocarcinoma metastasis within a PitNET who exhibited relatively rapid progression of neurological symptoms. A 75-year-old man who underwent tumor resection 36 and 18 years prior to presentation for bladder and colon cancer, respectively, without recurrence presented with bitemporal hemianopsia, ptosis, and diplopia of the right eye.

A brief review of the WHO reporting system for lung cytopathology.

The International Academy of Cytology has joined with the International Agency for Research on Cancer to bring together a group of experts in lung cytopathology to develop a WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology (WHO System). This System aims to improve and standardize the reporting of cytopathology, facilitate communication between cytopathologists and clinicians, and improve patient care. The WHO System describes 5 categories for reporting lung cytopathology: 'Insufficient/Inadequate/Nondiagnostic', 'Benign', 'Atypical', 'Suspicious for malignancy', and 'Malignant', each one with a clear descriptive term, a definition, a risk of malignancy, and a suggested management algorithm.

Concurrent IgG4-related hypophysitis and clinically nonfunctioning gonadotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumor.

Background: Some patients develop immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related hypophysitis associated with systemic diseases. More than 30 cases of IgG4-related hypophysitis have been reported. However, biopsy has rarely been performed in these patients, and none have had an associated pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET).

The World Health Organization Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology.

The International Academy of Cytology has joined with the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) to bring together a group of experts in lung cytopathology to develop a WHO Reporting System for Lung Cytopathology (WHO System). This WHO System defines five categories for reporting lung cytopathology, that is, "Insufficient"/"Inadequate"/"Non-diagnostic," "Benign," "Atypical," "Suspicious for malignancy," and "Malignant," each with a clear descriptive term for the category, a definition, a risk of malignancy and a suggested management algorithm. The key diagnostic cytopathology features of each of the lesions within each category have been established by consensus and will be presented more fully in a subsequent IARC e-book and published hard cover book.

Pathology of Crooke Cells in the Human Pituitaries: A Timely Review.

Crooke cell change was first found in the regressed and suppressed corticotroph (adrenocorticotropic hormone-producing) cells, and now is known to occur in pituitary tumors. The tumor cells of this type can be recognized by morphology with immunohistochemistry, and are well known to predict aggressive behavior such as invasion and rare metastases. This is one of the representative neuroendocrine tumors in the pituitary which is now considered to have malignant potential as proposed in the pancreas and gastrointestinal tracts.

Overview of the 2022 WHO Classification of Pituitary Tumors.

This review summarizes the changes in the 5th Edition of the WHO Classification of Endocrine and Neuroendocrine Tumors that relate to the pituitary gland. The new classification clearly distinguishes anterior lobe (adenohypophyseal) from posterior lobe (neurohypophyseal) and hypothalamic tumors. Other tumors arising in the sellar region are also discussed.

High-risk pituitary adenomas and strategies for predicting response to treatment.

High-risk pituitary adenomas are aggressive. They show clinical and imaging features similar to those of carcinomas, including infiltration of the surrounding brain structures, but lack cerebrospinal or systemic metastases. In addition, they display distinct behavior, including tendency for fast growth and frequent recurrences, which are difficult to control.

Molecular, functional, and histopathological classification of the pituitary neuroendocrine neoplasms.

In 2017, WHO published an updated classification of the pituitary adenomas according to the lineages defined by the transcription factors, PIT1, SF1 and TPIT. Nomenclature of the pituitary tumors follows the mature cell types such as somatotroph (GH), lactotroph (LH), thyrotroph, corticotroph, and gonadotroph (FSH, LH). Null cell adenomas are defined by the absence of expression of any hormones and transcription factors.

Digital/Computational Technology for Molecular Cytology Testing: A Short Technical Note with Literature Review.

This short article describes the method of digital cytopathology using Z-stack scanning with or without extended focusing. This technology is suitable to observe such thick clusters as adenocarcinoma on cytologic specimens. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been applied to histological images, but its application on cytologic images is still limited.

Pituitary Neoplasm Nomenclature Workshop: Does Adenoma Stand the Test of Time?

The designates pituitary neoplasms as adenomas. A proposed nomenclature change to pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) has been met with concern by some stakeholder groups. The Pituitary Society coordinated the Pituitary Neoplasm Nomenclature (PANOMEN) workshop to address the topic.

Histopathology and Cytopathology of Neuroendocrine Tumors and Carcinomas of the Breast: A Review.

Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) and carcinomas (NEC) of the breast are rare diseases, but NEC has attracted attention in both cytopathology and surgical pathology because of its specific management and prognosis. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) cytology can make the diagnosis in many cases particularly with high-grade NEC, with definitive diagnosis based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. This review describes the characteristics of the disease based on the WHO classification 2012 and recent literature and -includes discussion related to the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System of Reporting Breast FNAB -cytology.

A case of advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor in which octreotide long-acting repeatable was effective after failure of everolimus and sunitinib.

Molecular targeted drugs, such as everolimus and sunitinib, have shown efficacy against advanced pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, improves the hormone-related symptoms in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Furthermore, it has been reported that octreotide has antitumor activity in patients with metastatic midgut neuroendocrine tumors.

The International Academy of Cytology Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy Cytopathology.

The International Academy of Cytology (IAC) gathered together a group of cytopathologists expert in breast cytology who, working with clinicians expert in breast diagnostics and management, have developed the IAC Yokohama System for Reporting Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (FNAB) Cytology. The project was initiated with the first cytopathology group meeting in Yokohama at the 2016 International Congress of Cytology. This IAC Yokohama System defines five categories for reporting breast cytology, each with a clear descriptive term for the category, a definition, a risk of malignancy (ROM) and a suggested management algorithm.

Phase II Trial of Trastuzumab and Docetaxel in Patients With Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-Positive Salivary Duct Carcinoma.

Purpose: Clinical evidence demonstrating the effectiveness of systemic therapy for advanced salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is lacking because of the disease's rarity. We assessed the efficacy and toxicity of trastuzumab plus docetaxel in patients with locally advanced and/or recurrent or metastatic human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive SDC.

Patients And Methods: This was a single-center, single-arm, open-label, phase II study in Japan.

Biomarker immunoprofile in salivary duct carcinomas: clinicopathological and prognostic implications with evaluation of the revised classification.

Salivary duct carcinoma (SDC) is an uncommon, aggressive malignant neoplasm histologically resembling high-grade mammary ductal carcinoma. SDC can arise or ex pleomorphic adenoma. To clarify the correlation of biomarker immunoprofile with clinicopathological findings and clinical outcome of SDC, we conducted immunohistochemistry for EGFR, HER2, HER3, AR, CK5/6, p53, and Ki-67, along with HER2 fluorescence hybridization in 151 SDCs.

A Groundbreaking Work Which Laid the Foundation for Mass Screening in Cervical Cytology in Japan.

This commentary discusses the impact of a milestone article on the accuracy of cervical smears for detecting cancer back in the developmental and transforming era of the cytological detection of atypical and malignant cells. The study served in the establishment of cancer screening in Japan which has contributed greatly in decreasing mortality from cervical cancers.

A Case Report: Gastric Mixed Neuroendocrine-Nonneuroendocrine Neoplasm with Aggressive Neuroendocrine Component.

Mixed neuroendocrine-nonneuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) is defined as mixed epithelial neoplasms composed of both neuroendocrine and nonneuroendocrine components with variable proportions for each component. Neuroendocrine component can show morphological features including well- or poorly differentiated neuroendocrine neoplasms and nonneuroendocrine component can present different tumor types depending on the site of origin. Recently, studies of tumors have shown that MiNENs are not as rare as our traditional belief, due to the wide application for immunohistochemistry.

Immunolocalization of Glutathione-Peroxidase (GPx1) in the Rat Adrenal Cortex: Correlation between Steroidogenesis and Lipid Peroxidation.

In order to confirm the relationship between glutathione-peroxidase (GPx1) and biological significance on steroidogenesis, we have studied the immunocytochemical localization of GPx1 in the rat adrenal cortical cells. GPx1 was observed not only in cytoplasm (cytosol GPx1) but in mitochondria (mitochondrial GPx1). The staining intensity was altered by the functional state of the adrenal cortical cells.