Normal infant by a gestational carrier for a phenylketonuria mother: alternative therapy.

The consequences of pregnancies in untreated phenylketonuria (PKU) mothers are a high incidence of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine growth retardation with microcephaly, congenital malformations, and abnormal intellectual development. PKU fathers, on the other hand, produce normal children. Obviously children of PKU women and men are at least heterozygous, proving that the abnormalities produced by the PKU mothers are not genetic but "intrauterinely environmental.

Books and babies: clinical-based literacy programs.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to assess parental response to a clinic-based literacy program at a health maintenance organization. It was hypothesized that participation would be associated with increased literacy orientation by children.

Method: This randomized community trial took place at a Midwestern health maintenance organization.