Developing and training mental toughness in sport: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies and pre-test and post-test experiments.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of interventions designed to train and develop mental toughness (MT) in sport.

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data Sources: Journal articles, conference papers and doctoral theses indexed in Embase, Scopus, PubMed and SPORTDiscus from inception to 22 November 2019.

Exploration of the Vaginal and Gut Microbiome in African American Women by Body Mass Index, Class of Obesity, and Gestational Weight Gain: A Pilot Study.

Objective: This study determines the differences in the distal gut and vaginal microbiome in African American (AA) women by prepregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain (GWG) comparing women with and without obesity and by obesity class.

Study Design: We prospectively sampled the vaginal and distal gut microbiome in pregnant AA women at two time points during pregnancy. Samples were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene.