Reassessing the level and implications of male involvement in family planning in Indonesia.

Background: Although there is global recognition of the importance of involving men in family planning and reproductive health matters, this issue has received insufficient attention in many countries. The present study sought to characterize married Indonesian males as to their level of involvement in family planning, identify the correlates thereof and assess the implications of male involvement for unmet need for family planning.

Methods: A mixed methods research design was used.

Simplified clinical algorithm for immediate antiretroviral therapy initiation: The HATI [HIV awal (early) Test & Treat in Indonesia] implementation research in Indonesia.

Background & Objectives: Although the World Health Organization recommends same day or rapid (< seven days) antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, delays in ART initiation remain common due to waiting for laboratory test results. This study employed a simplified clinical algorithm the HATI [HIV Awal (Early) Test & Treat Indonesia]-SAI (Simple ART Initiation) aimed to increase the proportion of ART uptake and decrease the time to ART initiation that can be used in various care settings.

Methods: This study compared the percentage of ART uptake and retention, viral load (VL) suppression and time to ART initiation between the observation and intervention phases among newly diagnosed HIV patients from key populations.

How well are Indonesia's urban poor being provided access to quality reproductive health services?

Accommodating the needs of Indonesia's rapidly growing urban population is essential to reaching national reproductive health goals and international commitments. As in other rapidly urbanizing low- and middle-income countries, satisfying the needs of Indonesia's urban poor is both a high priority and a significant challenge. In this study, we assessed both how being from urban poor or near-poor households affects the quantity and quality of family planning and maternal health services received and the extent to which differentials had narrowed during the 2012-2017 period.

The short-term effects of COVID-19 on HIV and AIDS control efforts among female sex workers in Indonesia.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns as to its impact on other health programs. One program that appears particularly vulnerable is HIV and AIDS. We undertook an assessment of COVID-19 impact on HIV control efforts in Indonesia for a sub-population that has received little attention in the global literature-female sex workers (FSW).

Web-Based Multifaceted Approach for Community-Based HIV Self-Testing Among Female Sex Workers in Indonesia: Protocol for a Randomized Community Trial.

Background: New HIV infections in Indonesia continue to be concentrated among key populations, including female sex workers (FSWs). However, increasing HIV testing among this subpopulation remains a challenge, necessitating exploration into alternative testing modalities.

Objective: This study aims to assess whether the addition of an oral fluid testing option in community settings would increase the rate of HIV case identification among FSWs.

Contraceptive use and maternal mortality in Indonesia: a community-level ecological analysis.

Background: Prior studies have shown that contraceptive use reduces maternal mortality independently of other maternal health services. The present study took advantage of geographically detailed Indonesian data to study the interplay between contraceptive use and other risk and protective factors for maternal mortality at the community level, a level of analysis where the protective effects of family planning can be best understood.

Methods: Data from the 2015 Intercensal Population Survey (SUPAS) and the 2014 Village Potential Survey (PODES) were used to construct a series of census block-level variables measuring key risk and protective factors for maternal mortality.

The impact of family planning on maternal mortality in Indonesia: what future contribution can be expected?

Background: Although efforts to reduce high maternal mortality in countries such as Indonesia tend to focus on addressing health risks among pregnant women, family planning has been shown globally to reduce maternal mortality by reducing both total and higher-risk pregnancies. This article assesses past contributions of family planning to the reduction of maternal mortality in Indonesia and the potential future contribution toward achieving the 2030 SDG maternal mortality goal.

Methods: The study takes advantage of data from long series of population censuses and large-scale surveys that are available in few other low- and middle-income countries.

Community HIV Screening Among MSM in Three Indonesian Cities.

Background: Indonesia lags behind its peers with regard to ART coverage of PLHIV. Insufficient HIV testing among MSM and other key affected populations remains a barrier to increasing ART coverage.

Objective: This report presents the results of the first government-endorsed implementation research study of a community screening approach to increasing the rate of HIV testing among MSM in three cities.

Can Family Planning Service Statistics Be Used to Track Population-Level Outcomes?

The need for annual family planning program tracking data under the Family Planning 2020 (FP2020) initiative has contributed to renewed interest in family planning service statistics as a potential data source for annual estimates of the modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR). We sought to assess (1) how well a set of commonly recorded data elements in routine service statistics systems could, with some fairly simple adjustments, track key population-level outcome indicators, and (2) whether some data elements performed better than others. We used data from 22 countries in Africa and Asia to analyze 3 data elements collected from service statistics: (1) number of contraceptive commodities distributed to clients, (2) number of family planning service visits, and (3) number of current contraceptive users.

Levels, trends and correlates of unmet need for family planning among postpartum women in Indonesia: 2007-2015.

Background: Although Indonesia has relatively high contraceptive prevalence, postpartum family planning (PP-FP) has not been a particular point of emphasis. This article reports the results of analyses undertaken in order to (1) better understand levels and trends in unmet need for family planning among postpartum women, (2) assess the extent to which unmet need is concentrated among particular population sub-groups, and (3) assess the policy priority that PP-FP should have in relation to other interventions.

Methods: The analyses were based on data from the 2007 and 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Surveys (IDHS) and the 2015 PMA2020 survey.

Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision to Prevent HIV in Tanah Papua, Indonesia: Field Trial to Assess Acceptability and Feasibility.

Background: Relatively little attention has been paid to the significant HIV prevention role that voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) can play in populations with moderate levels of HIV prevalence. One such location is Tanah Papua, Indonesia, which in 2013 had a general population having HIV prevalence of 2.3% concentrated among indigenous Papuans (2.

Is the bed capture enzyme immunoassay useful for surveillance in concentrated epidemics? The case of female sex workers in Indonesia.

Although the BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) tends to over-estimate HIV incidence in general population epidemics, its limitations may be less relevant to some sub-populations in concentrated epidemics. This study assesses the plausibility of BED-CEIA estimates for female sex workers (FSWs) in Indonesia. Data were derived from a cross-sectional anonymous linked behavioral and biological surveillance survey.

HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and sexual risk behavior among transgenders in Indonesia.

Behavioral surveillance was undertaken among 1,150 male-to-female transgenders (waria) in Java, Indonesia, 2007; samples were collected for HIV and STI testing (n = 748). Almost all waria had ever sold sex (median duration 10 years). Prevalence of HIV was 24.

Syphilis among female sex workers in Indonesia: need and opportunity for intervention.

Objective: To study the prevalence and factors associated with syphilis among female sex workers (FSWs) in Indonesia.

Methods: Direct and indirect FSWs were sampled in 10 major cities in Indonesia. A behavioural survey was conducted and samples obtained and tested for HIV (Bioline and Determine) and syphilis (RPR and Determine).

Sexual risk behaviours, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Indonesia.

Objectives: To assess the HIV/AIDS epidemic situation among female sex workers (FSW) in Indonesia using data from the 2007 Integrated Biological-Behavioural Surveillance (IBBS).

Methods: Behavioural data were collected from time-location samples of 5947 FSW in 10 cities in late 2007. HIV, syphilis, gonorrhoea and chlamydia test results were obtained for 4396, 4324, 3291 and 3316 FSW, respectively.

Addressing the high prevalence of gonorrhoea and chlamydia among female sex workers in Indonesia: results of an enhanced, comprehensive intervention.

Objectives: The authors developed a comprehensive STI-control programme to decrease gonorrhoea and chlamydia prevalence, and increase consistent condom use among brothel-based sex workers in Indonesia.

Methods: The STI-control programme for brothel-based sex workers in Bintan Island (Riau Islands) and Salatiga (Central Java) included (1) provision of adequate drugs for gonorrhoea and chlamydia as periodic presumptive treatment (PPT) followed by syndromic treatment; (2) condom-use promotion by involving the local community and ensuring sufficient condom supply. Endocervical samples were collected and tested for gonorrhoea and chlamydia by PCR.

Sexual risk taking, STI and HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men in six Indonesian cities.

Using surveillance data on men who have sex with men (MSM) from six Indonesian cities, this article reports prevalence of sexual risk taking, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. Factors associated with HIV, other STIs and consistent condom use were assessed. Behavioral data were collected from 1,450 MSM, among whom 749 were tested for HIV and syphilis and 738 for gonorrhea and Chlamydia.

Sexual risk behavior among South African adolescents: is orphan status a factor?

There is concern that orphans may be at particular risk of HIV infection due to earlier age of sexual onset and higher likelihood of sexual exploitation or abuse; however, there is limited empirical evidence examining this phenomenon. Utilizing data from 1,694 Black South African youth aged 14-18, of whom 31% are classified as orphaned, this analysis explores the relationship between orphan status and sexual risk. The analysis found both male and female orphans significantly more likely to have engaged in sex as compared to non-orphans (49% vs.

A pilot of audio computer-assisted self-interview for youth reproductive health research in Vietnam.

Purpose: Several recent adolescent health studies in Vietnam have shown low levels of premarital sex among youth compared to neighboring countries and other regions of the world. One possible explanation for these findings is that adolescents in Vietnam are less willing to reveal their true behaviors. This study aims to assess the level of reporting of sensitive behaviors/events using three methods of survey data collection: face-to-face interviewer-administered (IA), paper-and-pencil self-administered (SA) and AudioComputerAssisted Self Interview (ACASI).

Review of sampling hard-to-reach and hidden populations for HIV surveillance.

Adequate surveillance of hard-to-reach and 'hidden' subpopulations is crucial to containing the HIV epidemic in low prevalence settings and in slowing the rate of transmission in high prevalence settings. For a variety of reasons, however, conventional facility and survey-based surveillance data collection strategies are ineffective for a number of key subpopulations, particularly those whose behaviors are illegal or illicit. This paper critically reviews alternative sampling strategies for undertaking behavioral or biological surveillance surveys of such groups.

The impact of life skills education on adolescent sexual risk behaviors in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.

Purpose: To assess the impact of exposure to life skills education by youth in KwaZulu-Natal Province (KZN, South Africa) on knowledge and behaviors associated with the spread of HIV/AIDS.

Methods: Data come from a panel study of 2222 youth from several population subgroups in KZN. The youth were aged 14-24 years when interviewed in 1999 and 2001.

Reassessing the level of unintended pregnancy and its correlates in Vietnam.

Despite rapidly increasing contraceptive use and rapidly declining fertility, unintended pregnancy and induced abortion remain common in Vietnam. This study reassesses the level of unintended pregnancy in Vietnam and its correlates, drawing on retrospective calendar data gathered for the Vietnam Demographic and Health Survey II. Data from 13,540 "segments" of outcomes and contraceptive practice were analyzed.

Characteristics of men receiving vasectomies in the United States, 1998-1999.

Context: Even though vasectomy is a popular method of contraception in the United States, there is limited information on the characteristics of men choosing vasectomy and why they decide to undergo the procedure.

Methods: A nationwide, practice-based survey of 719 men receiving vasectomies was conducted between July 1998 and June 1999.

Results: Low-income, minority and less educated men were underrepresented among vasectomy recipients.