Estrogen replacement is protective to the effect of hypoxia on female rabbit bladder and pelvic floor contractile response.

Purpose: To explore the effect of estrogen replacement on pelvic floor and bladder contractile response to electrical field stimulation, following hypoxia in an animal model of surgical menopause.

Materials And Methods: Twelve female adult rabbits were divided into three groups: control, ovariectomy, and ovariectomy with estradiol replacement. At 4 weeks animals were euthanized.

The effect of α-and δ-tocopherol-lipoic acid ester co-drugs on the response of the rabbit bladder to in vitro ischemia/reperfusion.

Objective: Obstructive bladder dysfunction (OBD) caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia is a common medical problem in ageing men. As the prostate enlarges and compresses the urethra, the bladder wall thickness and the bladder is termed "compensated" because its function is still relatively normal. Subsequently, bladder function begins to fail and this change is termed "decompensation.

Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum shell-broken spore on oxidative stress of the rabbit urinary bladder using an in vivo model of ischemia/reperfusion.

Oxidative stress plays an important role in specific disease pathophysiology and the aging process. In the history of human kind, many herbs were utilized for disease prevention and anti-aging treatment. However, there are few direct evidences provided by modern laboratory technology.

Comparative biochemical responses and antioxidant activities of the rabbit urinary bladder to whole grapes versus resveratrol.

The objective of this study is to compare the antioxidant activity of a whole-grape suspension with the antioxidant activity or pure resveratrol on the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, calcium ATPase activity, and sarcoendoplasmic reticular ATPase (SERCA) of the male rabbit urinary bladder. MDA was used as a model for the effect of H2O2 on lipid peroxidation. ChAT, SERCA, and calcium ATPase were evaluated based on their importance in urinary bladder physiology and pathology.

Effect of partial bladder outlet obstruction and reversal on rabbit bladder physiology and biochemistry: duration of recovery period and severity of function.

Objectives: To use a rabbit model of partial bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) to investigate the point at which obstructive bladder dysfunction becomes irreversible.

Methods: Partial BOO was induced in New Zealand White rabbits. It was then reversed and the rabbits were allowed to recover for 4, 8 or 12 weeks.

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on contractility and citrate synthase activity of the rabbit urinary bladder in the presence and absence of resveratrol and a whole-grape suspension.

One etiology related directly to obstructive urinary bladder dysfunction is ischemia/reperfusion resulting in significant oxidative stress to the bladder. Grapes, a natural source of antioxidants, have been proven effective in preventing obstructive and ischemic bladder dysfunction. Many investigators believe that resveratrol is the primary active antioxidant ingredient in grapes.

Effect of estrogen and ovariectomy on response of the female rabbit urinary bladder to two forms of in vitro oxidative stress.

Introduction And Hypothesis: There are several lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTD) that are more common in women than in men including incontinence, interstitial cystitis, and recurrent urinary tract infection. There is increasing evidence that these dysfunctions are associated with reduced blood flow, ischemia, hypoxia, and reperfusion resulting in free radical generation and oxidative damage. The goal of the current study was to determine if the level of circulating estrogen affects the response of the bladder muscle and mucosa to two in vitro models of oxidative stress: Incubation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is the first model; the second is ischemia followed by reperfusion which results in the direct production of damaging free radicals.

The effect of in vitro oxidative stress on the female rabbit bladder contractile response and antioxidant levels.

Introduction. There are several bladder dysfunctions that are associated with oxidative stress to the urinary bladder. Two experimental models are known to cause this type of bladder damage.

The effect of partial outlet obstruction on calpain and phospholipase-2 activities: analyzed by severity and duration.

In an attempt to better understand the two pathways that lead to bladder decompensation following partial obstruction in rabbits one of which is caused by calcium-activated enzymes and the other by oxidative stress, calpain and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) biochemical assays were conducted to see how bladder decompensation is mediated by these two calcium-activated enzymes. Partial outlet obstructions of varying durations (4, 8, and 12 weeks plus controls) were performed on 32 New Zealand white rabbits. The rabbits were also grouped by severity: control, mild, intermediate, and severe.

Oxidative effect of several intravenous iron complexes in the rat.

The objective of this study was to compare the oxidative stress induced in rat internal organs by the administration of the following clinically used intravenous (IV) iron (Fe) containing compounds: iron sucrose (IS), iron dextran (ID), ferric carboxymaltose and ferumoxytol. Groups of six adult rats received 1 mg/kg of each compound weekly for 5 doses. Seven days following the last dose, animals were euthanized and tissue samples of heart, lung, liver, and kidney were obtained, washed in warmed saline and frozen under liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 °C for analysis for nitrotyrosine (NT) and dinitro phenyl (DNP) as markers of oxidative stress.

Effect of severity and duration of bladder outlet obstruction on catalase and superoxide dismutase activity.

Objectives: To study the effects of partial bladder outlet obstruction on the cell's anti-oxidant defense mechanisms, superoxide dismutase and catalase, in order to elucidate how the bladder responds to oxidative stress.

Methods: Four groups of eight rabbits were subjected to partial bladder outlet obstruction for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Eight sham rabbits were used as the control group.

A Comparison of Total Antioxidant Capacities of Concord, Purple, Red, and Green Grapes Using the CUPRAC Assay.

Considering how popular grapes are in terms of their antioxidant benefits, we compared concord, purple, red, and green grapes for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and carbohydrate concentration. All grapes were acquired from commercial sources and samples of each were separated into skinned and not skinned groups. Each whole grape and the skins were individually homogenized and then separated into pulp and supernatant fractions.

Partial outlet obstruction in rabbits: duration versus severity.

Objectives: Oxidative stress is a major etiology of obstructed bladder dysfunction. The major goal of the current study was to correlate the level of oxidative stress with both the severity and duration of obstruction.

Methods: A total of 32 New Zealand White rabbits were divided into four equal groups.

Citrate synthase, sarcoplasmic reticular calcium ATPase, and choline acetyltransferase activities of specific pelvic floor muscles of the rabbit.

There is a clear relationship between the pelvic floor muscles and urinary systems, which relates to urgency, frequency, incontinence, pelvic pain, and bowel complaints. The specific mechanisms which relate these two systems are not clear. Improved understanding of the relation between the pelvic floor muscles and bladder function is clinically relevant in establishing effective treatments to such problems as incontinence, secondary to birth.

Nitrotyrosine Density of Rabbit Urinary Bladder Muscle and Mucosa Measured via Western Blotting and 96-Well Plate Analysis.

Purpose. Nitrotyrosine was quantitated in rabbit bladder muscle and mucosa using two analytical systems: Western blotting analyses and a 96-well plate quantitative analysis kit. Materials and Methods.

Calcium effects on superoxide dismutase and catalase of the rabbit urinary bladder muscle and mucosa.

Purpose: Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase are two important antioxidant mechanisms that work together to reduce free radical damage. Intracellular free calcium in smooth muscle can change rapidly and many enzymes can be affected. The sensitivity of SOD and catalase activity to calcium was determined in both rabbit bladder smooth muscle and mucosa.

The effect of antioxidants on the response of the rabbit urinary bladder to in vitro ischemia/reperfusion.

To evaluate the protective effects of two naturally occurring antioxidants, α-Lipoic acid and coenzyme Q10 on the response to in vitro ischemia of the rabbit urinary bladder. We measured free fatty acid (FFA) content, phospholipid (PL) content, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and phospholipase A(2) activity (PLA) of subcellular compartments. Twenty New Zealand White male rabbits were separated into four groups of five rabbits each.

Effect of hydrogen peroxide on rabbit urinary bladder citrate synthase activity in the presence and absence of a grape suspension.

Purpose: The etiology of obstructive bladder dysfunction includes free radical damage to mitochondria. Feeding rabbits a standardized grape suspension protects the ability of the bladder to contract and empty in part by preventing mitochondrial damage, thus maintaining smooth muscle and mucosal metabolism. The objective of the current study is to determine the direct effect of this grape suspension on the response of mitochondria to the oxidative effects of hydrogen peroxide.

The effect of in vitro ischemia/reperfusion on contraction, free fatty acid content, phospholipid content, and malondialdehyde levels of the rabbit urinary bladder.

To evaluate the effects of in vitro ischemia/reperfusion on contractile response to field stimulation (FS), free fatty acid (FFA) content, phospholipid (PL) content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of the rabbit urinary bladder. There is significant evidence that ischemia/reperfusion injury is linked to obstructive bladder dysfunction secondary to men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Twelve New Zealand White male rabbits were separated into two groups of six rabbits each.

Differential effects of coenzyme Q10 and α-lipoic acid on two models of in vitro oxidative damage to the rabbit urinary bladder.

Purpose: Partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO) in rabbits causes free radical production through ischemia and reperfusion within the bladder smooth muscle and mucosa. We had previously shown that pretreatment of rabbits with a combination of α-lipoic acid (αLA) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) protected the bladder from contractile and metabolic dysfunctions mediated by PBOO. In this study, we examined the ability of pretreatment with αLA and CoQ combination in rabbits to protect the bladder from contractile damage mediated by either hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or in vitro ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) which represents two in vitro models of oxidative damage.

Cyclical estrogen and free radical damage to the rabbit urinary bladder.

Introduction And Hypothesis: There are a number of lower urinary tract dysfunctions (LUTD) that occur primarily in women. Our hypothesis is that cyclical estrogen will produce LUTD in part by the generation of free radicals and oxidative damage to cellular and subcellular membranes.

Methods: Twenty female rabbits were divided into five groups: control, ovariectomized (Ovx), Ovx receiving continuous estrogen, Ovx receiving cyclical estrogen ending off estrogen, and Ovx receiving cyclical estrogen ending on estrogen.

Antioxidant levels of common fruits, vegetables, and juices versus protective activity against in vitro ischemia/reperfusion.

It is well known that antioxidants present in various fruits, vegetables, and juices have the potential to protect the urinary bladder from free radical damage. What is not well understood, however, is how well antioxidant activities detected by chemical methods such as the CUPRAC assay for total antioxidant activity (TAA) predict the level of physiological protection available. It is hypothesized that the level of antioxidant reactivity found by the CUPRAC assay will positively correlate with increased protection in a model of in vitro ischemia/reperfusion.

Protective effect of Antrodia camphorata on bladder ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Introduction: Obstructive bladder dysfunction is directly related to ischemia/reperfusion injury characterized by damage to nerves, synapses and smooth muscle cells within the bladder wall. Antrodia Camphorata (AC) has significant antioxidant, antiinflammatory and cell-cycle inhibition properties. The specific aim of this study was to evaluate whether orally administered AC can protect rabbit bladders from the progressive dysfunctions induced by bilateral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R).

The effect of 2- and 4-week ovariectomy on female rabbit urinary bladder function.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect ovariectomy (OVX) after 2 and 4 weeks on bladder function and biochemistry of the adult female rabbit urinary bladder.

Methods: Twelve mature female rabbits were divided into 3 groups: control, 2-week ovariectomized, and 4-week ovariectomized. At the end of the experimental period, the following studies were performed: contractile studies on isolated strips; examinations of the activity of citrate synthase (a marker for mitochondrial function) and thapsigargin-sensitive calcium ATPase (a marker for sarcoplasmic reticular calcium uptake function); and quantification of Rho-kinase (ROK) alpha and beta and myosin light chain kinase by Western blot analyses.

Effects of inosine on response to in vitro hypoxia in absence of substrate on bladder dysfunction in adult rats.

Objectives: To investigate the effects of inosine on in vitro ischemia-reperfusion injury to urinary bladders in adult rats. Inosine has neuroprotective effects against cerebral and cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Methods: A total of 18 adult male rats were used.