Goggle-free swimming as autonomous water competence from the perspective of breath control on execution of a given distance.

This study aimed to examine the ability of adolescents to maintain breathing rhythm while swimming with and without goggles, in the context of pedagogical interventions for implementation of water competence skills, rather than simply teaching swimming technique (strokes). 25 females and 25 males, 12-13 years old, swam the front crawl both with goggles and without goggles. Distance covered and the ability to maintain breathing rhythm were evaluated by experts.

Drag characteristics of competitive swimming children and adults.

The aims of this study were to compare drag in swimming children and adults, quantify technique using the technique drag index (TDI), and use the Froude number (Fr) to study whether children or adults reach hull speed at maximal velocity (vmax). Active and passive drag was measured by the perturbation method and a velocity decay method, respectively, including 9 children aged 11.7+/-0.

Factors affecting swimming economy in children and adults.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of several explanatory factors: anthropometry, buoyancy, passive underwater torque, drag and swimming technique on the energy cost of swimming front crawl in children and adults. Submaximal V(.)O(2) was measured in ten children (age 12) and 13 adults (age 21), as well as body length (BL), body mass, arm length, propelling size, active drag, hydrostatic lift, passive torque, intracyclic velocity fluctuation, hand slip, stroke length and body angle.

Passive and active floating torque during swimming.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of passive underwater torque on active body angle with the horizontal during front crawl swimming and to assess the effect of body size on passive torque and active body angle. Additionally, the effects of passive torque, body angle and hydrostatic lift on maximal sprinting performance were addressed. Ten boys [aged 11.

Adults have lower stroke rate during submaximal front crawl swimming than children.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of body size and propelling surface size on stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL) during front crawl swimming. Eleven children [11.7 (0.

Differences in the energy cost between children and adults during front crawl swimming.

There is little information available about the swimming economy of children. The aim of this study was to examine any possible differences in swimming economy in children and adults, swimming front crawl submaximally. Swimming economy was compared in adults [ n=13, aged 21.