Effects of multimodal explanations for autonomous driving on driving performance, cognitive load, expertise, confidence, and trust.

Advances in autonomous driving provide an opportunity for AI-assisted driving instruction that directly addresses the critical need for human driving improvement. How should an AI instructor convey information to promote learning? In a pre-post experiment (n = 41), we tested the impact of an AI Coach's explanatory communications modeled after performance driving expert instructions. Participants were divided into four (4) groups to assess two (2) dimensions of the AI coach's explanations: information type ('what' and 'why'-type explanations) and presentation modality (auditory and visual).

Association of Radiology Findings with Etiology of Community Acquired Pneumonia among Children.

Objective: To evaluate the association between consolidation on chest radiograph and typical bacterial etiology of childhood community acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community study.

Study Design: Hospitalized children <18 years of age with CAP enrolled in the Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community study at 3 children's hospitals between January 2010 and June 2012 were included. Testing of blood and respiratory specimens used multiple modalities to identify typical and atypical bacterial, or viral infection.

Utility of Induced Sputum in Assessing Bacterial Etiology for Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized Children.

Background: Diagnostic testing for bacterial etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is insensitive. Induced sputum (IS) is an attractive option for the evaluation of the lower respiratory tract.

Methods: Children aged 0-18 years with CAP were enrolled in the Etiology of Pneumonia in the Community (EPIC) study between 2010 and 2012.

Mindfulness Training Improves Cognition and Strengthens Intrinsic Connectivity Between the Hippocampus and Posteromedial Cortex in Healthy Older Adults.

Maintaining optimal cognitive functioning throughout the lifespan is a public health priority. Evaluation of cognitive outcomes following interventions to promote and preserve brain structure and function in older adults, and associated neural mechanisms, are therefore of critical importance. In this randomized controlled trial, we examined the behavioral and neural outcomes following mindfulness training ( = 72), compared to a cognitive fitness program ( = 74) in healthy, cognitively normal, older adults (65-80 years old).

The use of imaging to identify immunocompromised children requiring biopsy for invasive fungal rhinosinusitis.

Background And Purpose: Children with severe immunocompromise due to cancer therapy or hematopoietic cell transplant are at risk both for potentially lethal invasive fungal rhinosinusitis (IFRS), and for complications associated with gold-standard biopsy diagnosis. We investigated whether early imaging could reliably identify or exclude IFRS in this population, thereby reducing unnecessary biopsy.

Methods: We reviewed clinical/laboratory data and cross-sectional imaging from 31 pediatric patients evaluated for suspicion of IFRS, 19 without (age 11.

Managing Acute Pain and Opioid Risks Following Wisdom Teeth Extraction: An Illustrative Case.

Introduction: The opioid epidemic has awakened educators to the insufficiency of training in the areas of pain management and substance use disorders within the curricula of health sciences schools. The University of Pittsburgh Center of Excellence in Pain Education created an online educational module focusing on factors contributing to the opioid epidemic and the role of robust interprofessional communication in avoiding common practitioner errors.

Methods: The 1-hour module created by an interprofessional team comprised a pretest, video presentation featuring case vignettes, posttest, and learner satisfaction survey.

Trends in gabapentin and baclofen exposures reported to U.S. poison centers.

Prescriptions for nonopioid pharmacological therapies such as gabapentin and baclofen have been increasing. While gabapentin and baclofen are less likely than opioids to result in fatal overdose, they are each associated with dependence, misuse and adverse effects. The objective of this study is to evaluate and describe trends in adult exposures to gabapentin and baclofen reported to U.

Integration of Medication-Assisted Treatment Information for Opioid Use Disorders Into a Graduate Nursing Curriculum.

Purpose: The United States is in the midst of an unprecedented public health crisis, with annual morbidity and mortality data related to opioid use consistently increasing and appearing more worrisome. To mitigate such consequences, it is critical that those with opioid use disorders are provided with and have access to evidence-based treatment modalities.

Methods: The project utilized a course scaffolding approach to integrate a comprehensive substance use framework into an advanced practice nursing curriculum, with an emphasis on medication-assisted treatment as part of an advanced pharmacology course required for licensure.

Fully automated tissue classifier for contrast-enhanced CT scans of adult and pediatric patients.

To develop a consistent, fully-automated classifier for all tissues within the trunk and to more accurately discriminate between tissues (such as bone) and contrast medium with overlapping high CT numbers. Twenty-eight contrast enhanced NCAP (neck-chest-abdomen-pelvis) CT scans (four adult and three pediatric patients) were used to train and test a tissue classification pipeline. The classifier output consisted of six tissue classes: lung, fat, muscle, solid organ, blood/bowel contrast and bone.

Severe soft tissue injuries of the upper extremity in motor vehicle crashes involving partial ejection: the protective role of side curtain airbags.

Introduction: Partial ejection (PE) of the upper extremity (UE) can occur in a motor vehicle crash (MVC) resulting in complex and severe soft tissue injuries (SSTI). This study evaluated the relationship between partial ejection and UE injuries, notably SSTIs, in MVCs focusing on crash types and characteristics, and further examined the role of side curtain airbags (SCABs) in the prevention of partial ejection and reducing SSTI of the UE.

Methods: Weighted data was analyzed from the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS-CDS) from 1993 to 2012.

Evaluating the Potential Benefits of Advanced Automatic Crash Notification.

Objective: Advanced Automatic Collision Notification (AACN) services in passenger vehicles capture crash data during collisions that could be transferred to Emergency Medical Services (EMS) providers. This study explored how EMS response times and other crash factors impacted the odds of fatality. The goal was to determine if information transmitted by AACN could help decrease mortality by allowing EMS providers to be better prepared upon arrival at the scene of a collision.

"I wasn't texting; I was just reading an email …": a qualitative study of distracted driving enforcement in Washington State.

Background: In response to the rise of distracted driving, many countries and most US states have adopted laws to restrict the use of handheld phones for drivers. Specific provisions of each law and the overall social mores of distracted driving influence enforceability and impact.

Objectives: Identify multilevel interdependent factors that influence distracted driving enforcement through the perspective of police officers.

Tissue segmentation of computed tomography images using a Random Forest algorithm: a feasibility study.

There is a need for robust, fully automated whole body organ segmentation for diagnostic CT. This study investigates and optimizes a Random Forest algorithm for automated organ segmentation; explores the limitations of a Random Forest algorithm applied to the CT environment; and demonstrates segmentation accuracy in a feasibility study of pediatric and adult patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate a trainable Weka segmentation (TWS) implementation using Random Forest machine-learning as a means to develop a fully automated tissue segmentation tool developed specifically for pediatric and adult examinations in a diagnostic CT environment.

An intervention to maximize medication management by caregivers of persons with memory loss: Intervention overview and two-month outcomes.

Overseeing medication-taking is a critical aspect of dementia caregiving. This trial examined a tailored, problem-solving intervention designed to maximize medication management practices among caregivers of persons with memory loss. Eighty-three community-dwelling dyads (patient + informal caregiver) with a baseline average of 3 medication deficiencies participated.

Distinguishing Osteomyelitis From Ewing Sarcoma on Radiography and MRI.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether clinical and imaging features can distinguish osteomyelitis from Ewing sarcoma (EWS) and to assess the accuracy of percutaneous biopsy versus open biopsy in the diagnosis of these diseases.

Materials And Methods: Three radiologists reviewed the radiographs and MRI examinations of 32 subjects with osteomyelitis and 31 subjects with EWS to determine the presence of 36 imaging parameters. Information on demographic characteristics, history, physical examination findings, laboratory findings, biopsy type, and biopsy results were recorded.

A Comprehensive Risk Assessment Method for Pediatric Patients Undergoing Research Examinations Using Ionizing Radiation: How We Answered the Institutional Review Board.

Objective: The objectives of this study are to establish a comprehensive method for radiation dose estimates for the most common imaging examinations performed for research, for internal use of institutional review board (IRB) and radiation safety committees; to provide investigators with relative examination doses so that they may better assess the potential radiation effects and risks for research subjects; and to provide simplified language that investigators can use in consent documents.

Materials And Methods: Nineteen common radiation-based examinations used in clinical research at our institution were identified. For each modality (CT, digital radiography, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, PET/CT, and nuclear medicine), a comprehensive patient-specific dosimetry method was established.

Routine pre- and post-hematopoietic stem cell transplant computed tomography of the abdomen for detecting invasive fungal infection has limited value.

The diagnostic utility of obtaining chest and abdomen computed tomography (CT) to evaluate for invasive fungal infection (IFI) before and after hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) remains unclear. The study was conducted as a quality improvement project. Chest and abdomen CT of patients who underwent an allogeneic HSCT over a 13-month period were reviewed.

How to Appropriately Calculate Effective Dose for CT Using Either Size-Specific Dose Estimates or Dose-Length Product.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to show how to calculate effective dose in CT using size-specific dose estimates and to correct the current method using dose-length product (DLP).

Materials And Methods: Data were analyzed from 352 chest and 241 abdominopelvic CT images. Size-specific dose estimate was used as a surrogate for organ dose in the chest and abdominopelvic regions.

Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. children.

Background: Incidence estimates of hospitalizations for community-acquired pneumonia among children in the United States that are based on prospective data collection are limited. Updated estimates of pneumonia that has been confirmed radiographically and with the use of current laboratory diagnostic tests are needed.

Methods: We conducted active population-based surveillance for community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among children younger than 18 years of age in three hospitals in Memphis, Nashville, and Salt Lake City.

The role of chest computed tomography (CT) as a surveillance tool in children with high-risk neuroblastoma.

Background: Standardization of imaging obtained in children with neuroblastoma is not well established. This study examines chest CT in pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.

Procedure: Medical records and imaging from 88 patients with high-risk neuroblastoma, diagnosed at St.

Size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) provides a simple method to calculate organ dose for pediatric CT examinations.

Purpose: To investigate the correlation of size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) with absorbed organ dose, and to develop a simple methodology for estimating patient organ dose in a pediatric population (5-55 kg).

Methods: Four physical anthropomorphic phantoms representing a range of pediatric body habitus were scanned with metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeters placed at 23 organ locations to determine absolute organ dose. Phantom absolute organ dose was divided by phantom SSDE to determine correlation between organ dose and SSDE.

Phase I trial of a novel anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody, Hu14.18K322A, designed to decrease toxicity in children with refractory or recurrent neuroblastoma.

Purpose: The addition of immunotherapy, including a combination of anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), ch14.18, and cytokines, improves outcome for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. However, this therapy is limited by ch14.

Validation of prehospital trauma triage criteria for motor vehicle collisions.

Background: Triage of an injured patient to an appropriate trauma center can have an impact on morbidity and mortality. We sought to validate the 2012 national field triage guidelines for motor vehicle crashes.

Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study using the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System.