A nanoemulsion formulation of dacarbazine reduces tumor size in a xenograft mouse epidermoid carcinoma model compared to dacarbazine suspension.

Unlabelled: Dacarbazine (DAC) is an anticancer drug that has been used to treat various types of cancers. The aim of the current study was to test whether there is an increased efficacy of DAC as a nanoemulsion on reducing tumor size in an epidermoid carcinoma xenograft mouse model. Tumors were induced in 5-week-old nude mice by subcutaneous injection.

Increased consumption of dietary cholesterol, lutein, and zeaxanthin as egg yolks does not decrease serum concentrations and lipoprotein distribution of other carotenoids, retinol, and tocopherols.

We have previously reported that consumption of lutein and zeaxanthin as 2 and 4 egg yolks per day for 5 weeks significantly increased serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in older adults taking cholesterol-lowering statins. We hypothesized that increased consumption of eggs, lutein, and zeaxanthin may correlate with decreased absorption of other carotenoids and increased absorption of vitamins A and E, thus affecting their serum concentrations and lipoprotein distribution. Fifty-two subjects aged at least 60 years consumed 2 egg yolks per day followed by 4 egg yolks per day for 5 weeks each with a 4-week egg-free period at baseline and between the 2 interventions.

Encapsulation of cadmium selenide quantum dots using a self-assembling nanoemulsion (SANE) reduces their in vitro toxicity.

Although, nanometer-scale semi-conductor quantum dots (QDs) have attracted widespread interest in medical diagnosis and treatment, many can have intrinsic toxicities, especially those composed of CdSe, associated with their elemental composition. Using our self-assembling nanoemulsion (SANE) formulations which we have previously reported to be composed of non-toxic components, i.e.

Consumption of 2 and 4 egg yolks/d for 5 wk increases macular pigment concentrations in older adults with low macular pigment taking cholesterol-lowering statins.

Background: Lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk of dry, age-related macular degeneration because of their photo-oxidative role as macular pigment.

Objective: The present study evaluated serum lutein, zeaxanthin, and macular pigment optical density (MPOD) responses at 0.25 degrees , 0.

Nanoemulsion preparations of the anticancer drug dacarbazine significantly increase its efficacy in a xenograft mouse melanoma model.

This article reports on the preparation of a water-soluble nanoemulsion of the highly lipid-soluble drug Dacarbazine (DAC). In addition, relative to suspensions of DAC, the nanoemulsion preparation demonstrated a lower zeta-potential (decreased negative charge, less anionic and more cationic) which has previously been associated with influencing drug membrane permeability. This study also reports that, relative to suspensions of DAC with a mean particle size of 5470 nm, nanoemulsions of DAC having mean particle sizes of 131 nm were more efficacious.

Nanoemulsions of an anti-oxidant synergy formulation containing gamma tocopherol have enhanced bioavailability and anti-inflammatory properties.

The present study investigated whether MicroFluidizer Processor-based nanoemulsions of an antioxidant synergy formulation (ASF), containing delta, alpha and gamma tocopherol influenced inflammation and bioavailability in CD-1 mice. Croton oil was applied to all animals' right ear lobe to induce inflammation. Auricular thickness was measured after 2 and 6h after the various treatments.

A nanoemulsion formulation of tamoxifen increases its efficacy in a breast cancer cell line.

This paper reports on the preparation of a water-soluble nanoemulsion of the highly lipid-soluble drug tamoxifen (TAM). In addition, relative to a suspension of TAM, the nanoemulsion preparation demonstrated a greater zeta potential (increased negative charge) which has previously been associated with increasing drug/membrane permeability. This study also reports that relative to suspensions of TAM with particle sizes greater than 6000 nm, nanoemulsions of TAM, having mean particle sizes of 47 nm, inhibited cell proliferation 20-fold greater and increased cell apoptosis 4-fold greater in the HTB-20 breast cancer cell line.

A 12-wk egg intervention increases serum zeaxanthin and macular pigment optical density in women.

Two carotenoids found in egg yolk, lutein and zeaxanthin, accumulate in the macular retina where they may reduce photostress. Increases in serum lutein and zeaxanthin were observed in previous egg interventions, but no study measured macular carotenoids. The objective of this project was to determine whether increased consumption of eggs would increase retinal lutein and zeaxanthin, or macular pigment.

Consumption of one egg per day increases serum lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations in older adults without altering serum lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.

Lutein and zeaxanthin accumulate in the macular pigment of the retina, and are reported to be associated with a reduced incidence of age-related macular degeneration. A rich source of lutein and zeaxanthin in the American diet is the yolk of chicken eggs. Thus, the objective of the study was to investigate the effect of consuming 1 egg/d for 5 wk on the serum concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, lipids, and lipoprotein cholesterol in individuals >60 y of age.

Rice bran oil and oryzanol reduce plasma lipid and lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol ester accumulation to a greater extent than ferulic acid in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.

Our laboratory has reported that the hypolipidemic effect of rice bran oil (RBO) is not entirely explained by its fatty acid composition. Because RBO has a greater content of the unsaponifiables, which also lower cholesterol compared to most vegetable oils, we wanted to know whether oryzanol or ferulic acid, two major unsaponifiables in RBO, has a greater cholesterol-lowering activity. Forty-eight F(1)B Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (BioBreeders, Watertown, MA) were group housed (three per cage) in cages with bedding in an air-conditioned facility maintained on a 12-h light/dark cycle.

Structured triglycerides containing caprylic (8:0) and oleic (18:1) fatty acids reduce blood cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol accumulation in hamsters.

The effects of structured triglycerides containing one long chain fatty acid (oleic acid, C18:1) and one short chain saturated fatty acid (caprylic acid, 8:0) on lipidemia, liver and aortic cholesterol, and fecal neutral sterol excretion were investigated in male Golden Syrian hamsters fed a hypercholesterolemic regimen consisting of 89.9% commercial ration to which was added 10% coconut oil and 0.1% cholesterol (w/w).

Conjugated linoleic acid isomers reduce blood cholesterol levels but not aortic cholesterol accumulation in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.

The aim of the present study was to characterize plasma lipids and lipoprotein cholesterol and glucose concentrations in hamsters fed either cis-9,trans-11 CLA (9c,11 tCLA); trans-10,cis-12 CLA (10t,12c CLA); or linoleic acid (LA) on the accumulation of aortic cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. One hundred male F1B strain Syrian Golden Hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (BioBreeders Inc., Watertown, MA) approximately 9 wk of age were housed in individual stainless steel hanging cages at room temperature with a 12-h light/dark cycle.

Nanosphere-mediated delivery of vitamin E increases its efficacy against oxidative stress resulting from exposure to amyloid beta.

Oxidative stress is an early hallmark of affected neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The antioxidant vitamin E provided limited neuroprotection in AD, which may have derived from its lipophilic nature and resultant inability to quench cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS), including those generated from antecedent membrane oxidative damage. We examined herein whether or not encapsulation into polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based nanospheres, which can enter the cytosol, improved the efficacy of vitamin E against amyloid-beta(Abeta)-induced ROS.

Hypocholesterolemic effect of physically refined rice bran oil: studies of cholesterol metabolism and early atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.

Physically refined rice bran oil containing 2-4% nontriglyceride components as compared to other vegetable oils appears to be associated with lipid lowering and antiinflammatory properties in several rodent, primate and human models. These experiments were designed to investigate possible mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of the physically refined rice bran oil and to examine its effect on aortic fatty streak formation. In the first experiment, 30 hamsters were fed, for 8 weeks, chow-based diets plus 0.

Different palm oil preparations reduce plasma cholesterol concentrations and aortic cholesterol accumulation compared to coconut oil in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.

Several studies have reported on the effect of refined, bleached and deodorized palm oil (RBD-PO) incorporation into the diet on blood cholesterol concentrations and on the development of atherosclerosis. However, very little work has been reported on the influence of red palm oil (RPO), which is higher in carotenoid and tocopherol content than RBD-PO. Thus, we studied the influence of RPO, RBD-PO and a RBD-PO plus red palm oil extract (reconstituted RBD-PO) on plasma cholesterol concentrations and aortic accumulation vs.

Balance of unsaturated fatty acids is important to a cholesterol-lowering diet: comparison of mid-oleic sunflower oil and olive oil on cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of a trans fat-free monounsaturated fatty acid-rich vegetable oil (NuSun sunflower oil, National Sunflower Association, Bismark, ND) that is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and low in saturated fatty acids on lipid and lipoprotein levels and oxidative stress.

Design: A double-blinded, randomized, three period crossover, controlled feeding study.

Subjects/setting: Thirty-one men (n=12) and women (n=19) with moderate hypercholesterolemia who were 25 to 64 years of age.

Conjugated linoleic acid isomer effects in atherosclerosis: growth and regression of lesions.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of octadecadienoic acid, has been shown to inhibit experimentally induced atherosclerosis in rabbits and also to cause significant regression of pre-established atheromatous lesions in rabbits. The two major CLA isomers (cis9,trans11 and trans10,cis12), now available at 90% purity, have been tested individually for their anti-atherogenic or lesion regression potency. The two major isomers and the mixture were fed for 90 d to rabbits fed 0.

Reduced and high molecular weight barley beta-glucans decrease plasma total and non-HDL-cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic Syrian golden hamsters.

Consumption of concentrated barley beta-glucan lowers plasma cholesterol because of its soluble dietary fiber nature. The role of molecular weight (MW) in lowering serum cholesterol is not well established. Prior studies showed that enzymatic degradation of beta-glucan eliminates the cholesterol-lowering activity; however, these studies did not evaluate the MW of the beta-glucan.

Decreased aortic early atherosclerosis and associated risk factors in hypercholesterolemic hamsters fed a high- or mid-oleic acid oil compared to a high-linoleic acid oil.

Currently, diets higher in polyunsaturated fat are believed to lower blood cholesterol concentrations, and thus reduce atherosclerosis, greater than diets containing high amounts of saturated or possibly even monounsaturated fat. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of diets containing mid- or high-linoleic oil versus the typical high-linoleic sunflower oil on LDL oxidation and the development of early atherosclerosis in a hypercholesterolemic hamster model. Animals were fed a hypercholesterolemic diet containing 10% mid-oleic sunflower oil, high-oleic olive oil, or high-linoleic sunflower oil (wt/wt) plus 0.

Hamsters fed diets high in saturated fat have increased cholesterol accumulation and cytokine production in the aortic arch compared with cholesterol-fed hamsters with moderately elevated plasma non-HDL cholesterol concentrations.

There is growing evidence that dietary fatty acids and/or dietary cholesterol could have a direct role on inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis. F(1)B Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), in 2 groups of 72, were fed for 10 wk a semipurified diet containing either 20 g/100 g hydrogenated coconut oil without cholesterol or cocoa butter (20 g/100 g) with cholesterol (0.15 g/100 g).

Doxazosin, an alpha-1 antagonist, prevents further progression of the advanced atherosclerotic lesion in hypercholesterolemic hamsters.

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of doxazosin (DOX) on the further progression and regression of the advanced atherosclerotic lesion in the hypercholesterolemic hamster. Thirty-six, male F(1)B Golden Syrian hamsters, 10 weeks of age, were divided into 3 groups of 12 and fed a nonpurified hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) containing 10% coconut oil and 0.1% cholesterol (wt/wt) for 9 months (HCD 9).

Breath ethane in dialysis patients and control subjects.

Oxidant stress may play a role in the accelerated pathology of patients on dialysis, especially in the development of cardiovascular disease, which is a frequent condition in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Measurement of hydrocarbons can be employed to assess oxidant stress since breath hydrocarbons have been directly traced to in vivo breakdown of lipid hydroperoxides. We undertook to measure ethane, a major breath hydrocarbon, in 15 control subjects, 13 patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD), and 35 patients on hemodialysis (HD).

Vitamin E deficiency does not induce compensatory antioxidant increases in central nervous system tissue of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.

Compensatory upregulation in endogenous antioxidants has been shown to accompany certain genetic and dietary deficiencies that promote oxidative stress, including that related to Alzheimer's disease. We compared antioxidant levels in brain tissue of normal and transgenic mice lacking apolipoprotein E following dietary deprivation of vitamin E or folate. As described previously, ApoE-deficient mice displayed increased levels of the endogenous antioxidant glutathione as compared to normal mice, and increased these levels further following folate deprivation.

Cholesterol vehicle in experimental atherosclerosis 24: avocado oil.

Objective: To determine atherogenicity of avocado oil relative to saturated (coconut oil), monounsaturated (olive oil) and polyunsaturated (corn oil) fats.

Methods: New Zealand White rabbits were fed a semipurified diet containing 0.2% cholesterol and 14% fat for 90 days.

Beta-glucan fractions from barley and oats are similarly antiatherogenic in hypercholesterolemic Syrian golden hamsters.

The cholesterol-lowering activities of oats and barley are commonly attributed to the beta-glucan fractions. Although beta-glucan is present in both grains and appears to be chemically similar, the effect of source on cholesterol-lowering activity has not been evaluated. In the present study, the antiatherogenic properties of beta-glucan concentrates from oats and barley were evaluated in Syrian golden F(1)B hamsters consuming a semipurified hypercholesterolemic diet (HCD) containing cholesterol (0.