Evolutionary Design of Self-Templated Supramolecular Fibrils Using M13 Bacteriophage for Tissue Engineering.

Biomaterials in nature form hierarchical structures and functions across various length scales through binding and assembly processes. Inspired by nature, we developed hierarchically organized tissue engineering materials through evolutionary screening and self-templating assembly. Leveraging the M13 bacteriophage (phage), we employed an evolutionary selection process against hydroxyapatite (HA) to isolate HA-binding phage (HAPh).