The size of hammerhead ribozymes is related to cleavage kinetics: the role of substrate length.

The structure and function of small complexes formed between trans-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes and their substrates are being intensely studied in vitro. Conversely, target strands for hammerhead ribozymes in living cells are usually much longer, and cleavage kinetics in vitro of long substrates are usually approximately 100-fold slower. However, on the mechanistic level, not much is known about the influence of substrate length on cleavage kinetics.

Pharmaceutical vials with extremely high chemical inertness.

Traditional type I glass containers are becoming more unsuitable for packaging modern diagnostics and drugs. When using certain drugs (high-pH formulations, complexing agents, drugs with low dosage, sensitivity to pH-shift or ion release), product degradation can occur, reducing the drug's performance, potency, and shelf-life. To prevent chemical interaction between the container and the content, a coating technology applying a silicon dioxide layer to the internal container surface can bring the solution.