Ferritin is closely associated with microglia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Iron deposition is a hallmark of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and has been strongly implicated in its pathogenesis. As a byproduct of cellular oxidative stress, iron dysregulation modifies basal levels of the regulatory iron-binding protein ferritin. Examination of thoracic and lumbar spinal cord tissues found increased ferritin immunostaining in white matter axons that corresponded to areas of increased microgliosis in 8 ALS patients versus 8 normal subjects.

The 2022 symposium on dementia and brain aging in low- and middle-income countries: Highlights on research, diagnosis, care, and impact.

Two of every three persons living with dementia reside in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The projected increase in global dementia rates is expected to affect LMICs disproportionately. However, the majority of global dementia care costs occur in high-income countries (HICs), with dementia research predominantly focusing on HICs.

Alzheimer's disease and low-dose radiation therapy: A new hope.

The concept of low-dose radiation (LDR)-induced hormetic responses was initially observed approximately 70 years ago and systematically reviewed along with the discovery of LDR-induced adaptive responses in a cytogenetic study in 1980s. By the end of the 1990s, discussions regarding the potential applications of LDR-induced hormesis and adaptive responses for preventing or treating chronic diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) had taken place. Until 2016, reports on radiotherapy for the subjects with AD and for genetic AD model mice were published.

Mutant and curli-producing E. coli enhance the disease phenotype in a hSOD1-G93A mouse model of ALS.

The gut microbiome is a potential non-genetic contributing factor for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Differences in gut microbial communities have been detected between ALS subjects and healthy controls, including an increase in Escherichia coli in ALS subjects. E.

Harboring Cnm-expressing Streptococcus mutans in the oral cavity relates to both deep and lobar cerebral microbleeds.

Background: Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) influence long-term prognoses of stroke patients. Streptococcus mutans expressing the collagen-binding protein Cnm induces cerebrovascular inflammation, impairing blood brain barrier integrity and causing cerebral bleeding. Here, we examine the association of Cnm-positive S.

Interplay of Ferritin Accumulation and Ferroportin Loss in Ageing Brain: Implication for Protein Aggregation in Down Syndrome Dementia, Alzheimer's, and Parkinson's Diseases.

Iron accumulates in the ageing brain and in brains with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and Down syndrome (DS) dementia. However, the mechanisms of iron deposition and regional selectivity in the brain are ill-understood. The identification of several proteins that are involved in iron homeostasis, transport, and regulation suggests avenues to explore their function in neurodegenerative diseases.

Drosophila as a Model for Microbiota Studies of Neurodegeneration.

Accumulating evidence show that the gut microbiota is deeply involved not only in host nutrient metabolism but also in immune function, endocrine regulation, and chronic disease. In neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional interaction between the brain and the gut, provides new route of pathological spread and potential therapeutic targets. Although studies of gut microbiota have been conducted mainly in mice, mammalian gut microbiota is highly diverse, complex, and sensitive to environmental changes.

Gut dysbiosis, defective autophagy and altered immune responses in neurodegenerative diseases: Tales of a vicious cycle.

The human microbiota comprises trillions of symbiotic microorganisms and is involved in regulating gastrointestinal (GI), immune, nervous system and metabolic homeostasis. Recent observations suggest a bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the brain via immune, circulatory and neural pathways, termed the Gut-Brain Axis (GBA). Alterations in gut microbiota composition, such as seen with an increased number of pathobionts and a decreased number of symbionts, termed gut dysbiosis or microbial intestinal dysbiosis, plays a prominent role in the pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders.

Hepcidin Increases Cytokines in Alzheimer's Disease and Down's Syndrome Dementia: Implication of Impaired Iron Homeostasis in Neuroinflammation.

The liver-derived hormone hepcidin, a member of the defensin family of antimicrobial peptides, plays an important role in host defense and innate immunity due to its broad antibacterial and antiviral properties. Ferritin, an iron storage protein is often associated with iron deficiency, hypoferritinemia, hypoxia, and immune complications, which are all significant concerns for systemic infection in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Down's syndrome (DS) dementia. Serum and post-mortem brain samples were collected from AD, DS and age-matched control subjects.

Progression of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease by Sex and Motor Laterality.

Nonmotor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) can start up to a decade before motor manifestations and strongly correlate with the quality of life. Understanding patterns of NMS can provide clues to the incipient site of PD pathology. Our goal was to systematically characterize the progression of NMS in PD ( = 489), compared to healthy controls, HC ( = 241), based on the sex of the subjects and laterality of motor symptom onset.

Gasperini Syndrome: A Case Report and Systematic Review and Proposing a New Definition.

Gasperini syndrome (GS), a rare brainstem syndrome, is featured by ipsilateral cranial nerves (CN) V-VIII dysfunction with contralateral hemibody hypoesthesia. While there have been 18 reported cases, the GS definition remains ambiguous. We report a new case and reviewed the clinical features of this syndrome from all published reports to propose a new definition.

Oral Carriage of Harboring the Gene Relates to an Increased Incidence of Cerebral Microbleeds.

Background And Purpose: Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) are associated with stroke and cognitive impairment. We previously reported a high prevalence of CMB in people with expressing Cnm, a collagen-binding protein in the oral cavity. is a major pathogen responsible for dental caries.

Isolated oculomotor nerve palsy as a manifestation of diffuse large B cell lymphoma: A case report.

An isolated third nerve palsy presenting as the primary manifestation of a lymphoma is rare, with only few cases having been described. The present study reports an unusual case of a healthy 67-year old male diagnosed with isolated right oculomotor nerve palsy (ONP), who was found to have an underlying B cell lymphoma. The patient's medical records were accessed upon consent.

Microbiota in cerebrovascular disease: A key player and future therapeutic target.

Stroke is the second leading cause of death and a significant cause of disability worldwide. Recent advances in DNA sequencing, proteomics, metabolomics, and computational tools are dramatically increasing access to the identification of host-microbiota interactions in systemic diseases. In this review, we describe the accumulating evidence showing how human microbiota plays an essential role in cerebrovascular diseases.

What Are the Molecular Mechanisms by Which Functional Bacterial Amyloids Influence Amyloid Beta Deposition and Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Disorders?

Despite the enormous literature documenting the importance of amyloid beta (Ab) protein in Alzheimer's disease, we do not know how Ab aggregation is initiated and why it has its unique distribution in the brain. In vivo and in vitro evidence has been developed to suggest that functional microbial amyloid proteins produced in the gut may cross-seed Ab aggregation and prime the innate immune system to have an enhanced and pathogenic response to neuronal amyloids. In this commentary, we summarize the molecular mechanisms by which the microbiota may initiate and sustain the pathogenic processes of neurodegeneration in aging.

Diazepam Toxicity Presenting as a Dementia Disorder.

The toxicity associated with long-standing benzodiazepine use in older persons is a critical issue. Several epidemiological reports have studied correlation between benzodiazepine use and risk of dementia development. In this manuscript, we used a case report to demonstrate how chronic diazepam use can cause cognitive deficits that resemble Alzheimer's disease and related conditions.

Erythromyeloid-Derived TREM2: A Major Determinant of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology in Down Syndrome.

Background: Down syndrome (DS; trisomy 21) individuals have a spectrum of hematopoietic and neuronal dysfunctions and by the time they reach the age of 40 years, almost all develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology which includes senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Inflammation and innate immunity are key players in AD and DS. Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells-2 (TREM2) variants have been identified as risk factors for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.

The role of microbial amyloid in neurodegeneration.

It has become apparent that the intestinal microbiota orchestrates important aspects of our metabolism, immunity, and development. Recent work has demonstrated that the microbiota also influences brain function in healthy and diseased individuals. Of great interest are reports that intestinal bacteria play a role in the pathogenic cascade of both Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases.

Microbiota and Aging. A Review and Commentary.

Although there is a consensus that the dominant species that make up the adult microbiota remains unchanged in elderly people, it has been reported that there are significant alterations in the proportion and composition of the different taxa, leading to reduced microbiota diversity, as well as an increase of enteropathogens that may lead to chronic inflammation. The ageing of mucosal immune and motor systems also contributes to these changes. As the individual ages, there is a loss in the number of Peyer's patches, an altered local capacity of T and B cell functions as well as chronic macrophage activation.

MyD88 promotes myoblast fusion in a cell-autonomous manner.

Myoblast fusion is an indispensable step for skeletal muscle development, postnatal growth, and regeneration. Myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) is an adaptor protein that mediates Toll-like receptors and interleukin-1 receptor signaling. Here we report a cell-autonomous role of MyD88 in the regulation of myoblast fusion.