Comparing the Memory Effects of 50-Hz Low-Frequency and 10-kHz High-Frequency Thoracic Spinal Cord Stimulation on Spinal Neural Network in a Myocardial Infarction Porcine Model.

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of cessation of both conventional low-frequency (50 Hz) and high-frequency (10 kHz) spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on the cardiospinal neural network activity in pigs with myocardial infarction (MI). The objective is to provide an insight into the memory effect of SCS.

Materials And Methods: In nine Yorkshire pigs, chronic MI was created by delivering microspheres to the left circumflex coronary artery.

Spinal neuromodulation mitigates myocardial ischemia-induced sympathoexcitation by suppressing the intermediolateral nucleus hyperactivity and spinal neural synchrony.

Introduction: Myocardial ischemia disrupts the cardio-spinal neural network that controls the cardiac sympathetic preganglionic neurons, leading to sympathoexcitation and ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs). Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) is capable of suppressing the sympathoexcitation caused by myocardial ischemia. However, how SCS modulates the spinal neural network is not fully known.

Joint cell segmentation and cell type annotation for spatial transcriptomics.

RNA hybridization-based spatial transcriptomics provides unparalleled detection sensitivity. However, inaccuracies in segmentation of image volumes into cells cause misassignment of mRNAs which is a major source of errors. Here, we develop JSTA, a computational framework for joint cell segmentation and cell type annotation that utilizes prior knowledge of cell type-specific gene expression.

An incoherent feedforward loop interprets NFκB/RelA dynamics to determine TNF-induced necroptosis decisions.

Balancing cell death is essential to maintain healthy tissue homeostasis and prevent disease. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) not only activates nuclear factor κB (NFκB), which coordinates the cellular response to inflammation, but may also trigger necroptosis, a pro-inflammatory form of cell death. Whether TNF-induced NFκB affects the fate decision to undergo TNF-induced necroptosis is unclear.

Identifying chromatin features that regulate gene expression distribution.

Gene expression variability, differences in the number of mRNA per cell across a population of cells, is ubiquitous across diverse organisms with broad impacts on cellular phenotypes. The role of chromatin in regulating average gene expression has been extensively studied. However, what aspects of the chromatin contribute to gene expression variability is still underexplored.

Effects of electroacupuncture on stress-induced gastric dysrhythmia and mechanisms involving autonomic and central nervous systems in functional dyspepsia.

Electroacupuncture (EA) is widely used as an effective method to treat stress-related disorders. However, its mechanisms remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of EA on gastric slow wave (GSW) dysrhythmia and c-Fos expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) induced by stress in a rodent model of functional dyspepsia (FD).

Mammalian gene expression variability is explained by underlying cell state.

Gene expression variability in mammalian systems plays an important role in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This variability can come from differential regulation related to cell state (extrinsic) and allele-specific transcriptional bursting (intrinsic). Yet, the relative contribution of these two distinct sources is unknown.

Sacral nerve stimulation increases gastric accommodation in rats: a spinal afferent and vagal efferent pathway.

Impaired gastric accommodation (GA) has been frequently reported in various gastrointestinal diseases. No standard treatment strategy is available for treating impaired GA. We explored the possible effect of sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) on GA and discovered a spinal afferent and vagal efferent mechanism in rats.

Cardiac sympathectomy and spinal cord stimulation attenuate reflex-mediated norepinephrine release during ischemia preventing ventricular fibrillation.

The purpose of this study was to define the mechanism by which cardiac neuraxial decentralization or spinal cord stimulation (SCS) reduces ischemia-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF). Direct measurements of norepinephrine (NE) levels in the left ventricular interstitial fluid (ISF) by microdialysis, in response to transient (15-minute) coronary artery occlusion (CAO), were performed in anesthetized canines. Responses were studied in animals with intact neuraxes and were compared with those in which the intrathoracic component of the cardiac neuraxes (stellate ganglia) or the intrinsic cardiac neuronal (ICN) system was surgically delinked from the central nervous system and those with intact neuraxes with preemptive SCS (T1-T3).

Aurora A-Selective Inhibitor LY3295668 Leads to Dominant Mitotic Arrest, Apoptosis in Cancer Cells, and Shows Potent Preclinical Antitumor Efficacy.

Although Aurora A, B, and C kinases share high sequence similarity, especially within the kinase domain, they function distinctly in cell-cycle progression. Aurora A depletion primarily leads to mitotic spindle formation defects and consequently prometaphase arrest, whereas Aurora B/C inactivation primarily induces polyploidy from cytokinesis failure. Aurora B/C inactivation phenotypes are also epistatic to those of Aurora A, such that the concomitant inactivation of Aurora A and B, or all Aurora isoforms by nonisoform-selective Aurora inhibitors, demonstrates the Aurora B/C-dominant cytokinesis failure and polyploidy phenotypes.

Sacral nerve stimulation with appropriate parameters improves constipation in rats by enhancing colon motility mediated via the autonomic-cholinergic mechanisms.

Although sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) has been applied for treating constipation, its parameters were adopted from SNS for fecal incontinence, its effects are limited, and mechanisms are largely unknown. We investigated the effects and mechanism of SNS with appropriate parameters on constipation in rats treated with loperamide. First, using rectal compliance as an outcome measure, an experiment was performed to derive effective SNS parameters.

Autonomically mediated anti-inflammatory effects of electrical stimulation at acupoints in a rodent model of colonic inflammation.

Background: Acupuncture has been widely accepted for treatments of many diseases. This study was performed to determine effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) by chronically implanted electrodes at acupoint ST36 on colonic inflammation induced by TNBS in rats.

Methods: After intrarectal administration of TNBS, the rats were treated with sham-EA, EA1/EA2 (two sets of parameters) for 3 weeks.

Ameliorating Effects of Electroacupuncture on Dysmotility, Inflammation, and Pain Mediated via the Autonomic Mechanism in a Rat Model of Postoperative Ileus.

Background/aims: Postoperative ileus increases healthcare costs and reduces the postoperative quality of life (QOL). The aim of this study is to investigate effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) at ST36 and PC6 on gastrointestinal motility in rat model of postoperative ileus.

Methods: Laparotomy was performed in 24 rats (control [n = 8], sham-EA [n = 8], and EA [n = 8]) for the implantation of electrodes in the stomach and mid-jejunum for recording of gastric and small intestinal slow waves.

Intraoperative Vagus Nerve Stimulation Accelerates Postoperative Recovery in Rats.

Introduction: Postoperative ileus (POI) is a heavy burden for healthcare industries and reduces the postoperative quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of the intraoperative vagus nerve stimulation (iVNS) on gastrointestinal motility in a rodent model of POI.

Methods: For control group (control, n = 8), electrodes were placed on the chest wall for recording the electrocardiogram and on the stomach and small intestine for measuring gastric slow waves (GSWs) and small intestinal slow waves (SSWs).

Dependence of c-fos Expression on Amplitude of High-Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation in a Rodent Model.

Objectives: Clinical high-frequency spinal cord stimulation (hfSCS) (>250 Hz) applied at subperception amplitudes reduces leg and low back pain. This study investigates, via labeling for c-fos-a marker of neural activation, whether 500 Hz hfSCS applied at amplitudes above and below the dorsal column (DC) compound action potential (CAP) threshold excites dorsal horn neurons.

Materials And Methods: DC CAP thresholds in rats were determined by applying single biphasic pulses of SCS to T -T segments using pulse widths of 40 or 200 μsec via a ball electrode placed over the left DC and increasing amplitude until a short latency CAP was observed on the L DC and sciatic nerve.

Template-assisted synthesis of adenine-mutagenized cDNA by a retroelement protein complex.

Diversity-generating retroelements (DGRs) create unparalleled levels of protein sequence variation through mutagenic retrohoming. Sequence information is transferred from an invariant template region (TR), through an RNA intermediate, to a protein-coding variable region. Selective infidelity at adenines during transfer is a hallmark of DGRs from disparate bacteria, archaea, and microbial viruses.

Spinal Cord Stimulation With "Conventional Clinical" and Higher Frequencies on Activity and Responses of Spinal Neurons to Noxious Stimuli: An Animal Study.

Objectives: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) at both conventional and higher frequencies may effectively reduce pain, but optimal parameters need to be established. This study investigated how SCS at different frequencies and pulse widths acutely modulates nociceptive activity of wide dynamic range (WDR) and high threshold (HT) dorsal horn neurons in rats at a stimulus amplitude that influences both local circuits and dorsal column fibers.

Materials And Methods: L -L and L -S spinal segments were exposed for SCS and spinal neuronal recordings, respectively.

Conventional and Novel Spinal Stimulation Algorithms: Hypothetical Mechanisms of Action and Comments on Outcomes.

Objective: Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) emerged as a direct clinical spin-off from the Gate Control Theory from 1965. Over the last decade, several new modes of SCS have appeared. This review discusses these novel techniques and their hypothetical mechanisms of action.

An Optimized IES Method and Its Inhibitory Effects and Mechanisms on Food Intake and Body Weight in Diet-Induced Obese Rats: IES for Obesity.

Purpose: This paper aims to optimize stimulation parameters and durations for intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) and to explore the effects and mechanisms of chronic IES with optimized methodology in obesity rats.

Materials And Methods: Sixteen diet-induced obese (DIO) rats were tested for food intake with four different sets of IES parameters each lasting 1 week. Then, another 12 DIO rats were used to test the effect of IES on food intake with different stimulation durations.

Anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation combined with electroacupuncture in a rodent model of TNBS-induced colitis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects and mechanisms of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) and additive effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on colonic inflammation in a rodent model of IBD. Chronic inflammation in rats was induced by intrarectal TNBS (2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid). The rats were then treated with sham ES (electrical stimulation), VNS, or VNS + EA for 3 wk.

Inhibitory Effects and Mechanisms of Electroacupuncture via Chronically Implanted Electrodes on Stress-Induced Gastric Hypersensitivity in Rats With Neonatal Treatment of Iodoacetamide.

Background: Stress is considered an independent factor causing and aggravating gastrointestinal symptoms, including visceral pain. The aim of this study was to investigate effects and mechanisms of electroacupuncture (EA) on stress-induced gastric hypersensitivity in rats treated with neonatal iodoacetamide mimicking human functional dyspepsia (FD).

Methods: Neonatal rats were treated with gavage of 0.

Effects and mechanisms of auricular electroacupuncture on gastric hypersensitivity in a rodent model of functional dyspepsia.

Background: Functional dyspepsia (FD) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease, and abdominal pain is one of the main symptoms. The aim of this study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of auricular electro-acupuncture (AEA) on gastric hypersensitivity in a rodent model of FD.

Methods: Ten-day-old pups were gavaged with 0.