Immune Checkpoint Blockade: A New Era for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Despite better understanding of it's molecular biology, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains a challenging disease to treat. Unfortunately, treatment options are still very limited and prognosis for advanced disease is poor. Immune surveillance plays a crucial role in a host's defence against tumour cells, and this is particular relevant for lung cancer due to it's high somatic mutational load, which increases the chances for the immune system to recognize cancer cells as 'non-self'.

A leak too far--gastro-pleural fistula mimicking recurrence of repaired congenital diaphragmatic hernia following fundoplication.

Recurrence rate after a congenital diaphragmatic hernia repair is high especially after a patch repair. Recurrence can be asymptomatic, followed by respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms and the diagnosis is usually confirmed radiologically. We present an unusual case of radiologically diagnosed recurrent left diaphragmatic hernia but at surgery was found to be a gastro-pleural fistula that occurred as a complication following fundoplication surgery.

Differences in coronary heart disease, stroke and cancer mortality rates between England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland: the role of diet and nutrition.

Introduction It is unclear how much of the geographical variation in coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and cancer mortality rates within the UK is associated with diet. The aim of this study is to estimate how many deaths from CHD, stroke and cancer would be delayed or averted if Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland adopted a diet equivalent in nutritional quality to the English diet. Methods Mortality data for CHD, stroke and 10 diet-related cancers for 2007-2009 were used to calculate the mortality gap (the difference between actual mortality and English mortality rates) for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Renal abscess in Papillion-Lefèvre syndrome.

A 5-year-old female with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome presented with renal mass. A radiological diagnosis of malignancy was made; however, partial nephrectomy revealed granulomatous disease indicative of chronic infection. Although liver abscess is an emerging complication in patient with Papillon-Lefèvre syndrome, this case represents the first renal abscess described in such patients.

Fecally loaded inguinoscrotal hernia masquerading as testicular mass.

An 88-year-old man presented with clinical signs suggestive of a testicular mass. The initial ultrasound examination was inconclusive however regional computed tomography eloquently distinguished a large indirect inguinoscrotal hernia with a hernia sac containing a loop of fecally loaded sigmoid colon.