Coronal and Transverse Malalignment in Pediatric Patellofemoral Instability.

Patellofemoral instability (PFI) encompasses symptomatic patellar instability, patella subluxations, and frank dislocations. Previous studies have estimated the incidence of acute patellar dislocation at 43 per 100,000 children younger than age 16 years. The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) complex is a static soft tissue constraint that stabilizes the patellofemoral joint serving as a checkrein to prevent lateral displacement.

Arthroscopic Treatment of Ankle Instability: Brostrom.

Over the last 10 years, significant advances have been made and successful techniques have now been developed that effectively treat ankle instability via the arthroscope.Currently arthroscopic lateral ligament repair techniques can be grouped into "arthroscopic-assisted techniques," "all-arthroscopic techniques," and "all-inside techniques." Recent studies have proven these arthroscopic techniques to be a simple, safe, and biomechanically equivalent, stable alternative to open Brostrom Gould lateral ligament reconstruction.

The Human Right to Water and Unconventional Energy.

Access to water, in sufficient quantities and of sufficient quality is vital for human health. The United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (in General Comment 15, drafted 2002) argued that access to water was a condition for the enjoyment of the right to an adequate standard of living, inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health, and thus a human right. On 28 July 2010 the United Nations General Assembly declared safe and clean drinking water and sanitation a human right essential to the full enjoyment of life and all other human rights.

The Recognition, Incidence, and Management of Spinal Cord Monitoring Alerts in Early-onset Scoliosis Surgery.

Background: The objective of the research was to study the relevance of intraoperative neuromonitoring throughout all stages of surgical management in patients with progressive early-onset scoliosis (EOS).The routine monitoring of spinal cord potentials has gradually become standard of practice among spinal surgeons. However, there is not a consensus that the added expense of this technique necessitates monitoring in all stages of surgical management.