The Need for Near-Earth Multi-Spacecraft Heliospheric Measurements and an Explorer Mission to Investigate Interplanetary Structures and Transients in the Near-Earth Heliosphere.

Based on decades of single-spacecraft measurements near 1 au as well as data from heliospheric and planetary missions, multi-spacecraft simultaneous measurements in the inner heliosphere on separations of 0.05-0.2 au are required to close existing gaps in our knowledge of solar wind structures, transients, and energetic particles, especially coronal mass ejections (CMEs), stream interaction regions (SIRs), high speed solar wind streams (HSS), and energetic storm particle (ESP) events.

Haloperoxidase-Catalyzed Luminol Luminescence.

Common peroxidase action and haloperoxidase action are quantifiable as light emission from dioxygenation of luminol (5-amino-2,3-dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione). The velocity of enzyme action is dependent on the concentration of reactants. Thus, the reaction order of each participant reactant in luminol luminescence was determined.

Psychology and the economics of invention.

Invention is an investment in which the costs of the Research and Development (R&D) project balance future returns. Those returns depend on objective factors like wage and capital costs but also on subjective factors because they are future projections. The more optimistic the inventor, the higher are the projected returns.

Myeloperoxidase and Eosinophil Peroxidase Inhibit Endotoxin Activity and Increase Mouse Survival in a Lipopolysaccharide Lethal Dose 90% Model.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) are cationic haloperoxidases with potent microbicidal and detoxifying activities. MPO selectively binds to and kills some Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and all Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) tested. GNB contain endotoxin, i.

Mechanism of Microbicidal Action of E-101 Solution, a Myeloperoxidase-Mediated Antimicrobial, and Its Oxidative Products.

E-101 solution is a first-in-class myeloperoxidase-mediated antimicrobial developed for topical application. It is composed of porcine myeloperoxidase (pMPO), glucose oxidase (GO), glucose, sodium chloride, and specific amino acids in an aqueous solution. Once activated, the reactive species hydrogen peroxide (HO), hypochlorous acid, and singlet oxygen are generated.

Neutrophil Leukocyte: Combustive Microbicidal Action and Chemiluminescence.

Neutrophil leukocytes protect against a varied and complex array of microbes by providing microbicidal action that is simple, potent, and focused. Neutrophils provide such action via redox reactions that change the frontier orbitals of oxygen (O2) facilitating combustion. The spin conservation rules define the symmetry barrier that prevents direct reaction of diradical O2 with nonradical molecules, explaining why combustion is not spontaneous.

Comparison of core-shell particles and sub-2μm fully porous particles for use as ultrafast second dimension columns in two-dimensional liquid chtomatography.

The peak capacity of small columns packed with 2.7μm core-shell particles and 1.8μm fully porous particles were compared at high temperatures using very steep (fast) gradient conditions and quite high linear velocities using the same instrument configuration as used to transfer first dimension effluent to the second dimension column as done in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography.

Impact of reversed phase column pairs in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography.

A major issue in optimizing the resolving power of two-dimensional chromatographic separations is the choice of the two phases so as to maximize the distribution of the analytes over the separation space. In this work, we studied the choice of appropriate reversed phases to use in on-line comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC). A set of four chemically different conventional bonded reversed phases was used in the first dimension.

Development of selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography with parallel first-dimension sampling and second-dimension separation--application to the quantitative analysis of furanocoumarins in apiaceous vegetables.

Various implementations of two-dimensional high-performance liquid chromatography are increasingly being developed and applied to the analysis of complex materials, including those encountered in the analysis of foods, beverages, and nutraceuticals. Previously, we introduced the concept of selective comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (sLC × LC) as a hybrid between the more conventional, but extreme opposite sampling modes of heartcutting (LC-LC) and fully comprehensive (LC × LC) 2D separation. The sLC × LC approach breaks the link between first dimension ((1)D) sampling time and second dimension ((2)D) analysis time that is faced in LC × LC and allows very rapid (as low as 1 s) sampling of highly efficient (1)D separations, while at the same time allowing efficient (2)D separations on the timescale of tens of seconds.

Effect of background correction on peak detection and quantification in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography using diode array detection.

A singular value decomposition-based background correction (SVD-BC) technique is proposed for the reduction of background contributions in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC×LC) data. The SVD-BC technique was compared to simply subtracting a blank chromatogram from a sample chromatogram and to a previously reported background correction technique for one dimensional chromatography, which uses an asymmetric weighted least squares (AWLS) approach. AWLS was the only background correction technique to completely remove the background artifacts from the samples as evaluated by visual inspection.

Semi-automated alignment and quantification of peaks using parallel factor analysis for comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-diode array detector data sets.

Parallel factor analysis was used to quantify the relative concentrations of peaks within four-way comprehensive two dimensional liquid chromatography-diode array detector data sets. Since parallel factor analysis requires that the retention times of peaks between each injection are reproducible, a semi-automated alignment method was developed that utilizes the spectra of the compounds to independently align the peaks without the need for a reference injection. Peak alignment is achieved by shifting the optimized chromatographic component profiles from a three-way parallel factor analysis model applied to each injection.

Investigation of interpolation techniques for the reconstruction of the first dimension of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-diode array detector data.

Simulated and experimental data were used to measure the effectiveness of common interpolation techniques during chromatographic alignment of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-diode array detector (LC×LC-DAD) data. Interpolation was used to generate a sufficient number of data points in the sampled first chromatographic dimension to allow for alignment of retention times from different injections. Five different interpolation methods, linear interpolation followed by cross correlation, piecewise cubic Hermite interpolating polynomial, cubic spline, Fourier zero-filling, and Gaussian fitting, were investigated.

Reduced-oxidized difference spectral analysis and chemiluminescence-based Scatchard analysis demonstrate selective binding of myeloperoxidase to microbes.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a microbicidal haloperoxidase of neutrophil leukocytes, was observed to selectively bind to bacteria. Binding was quantified by dithionite-reduced minus oxidized (R-O) difference spectral analysis. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed large MPO binding by R-O difference spectral analysis, whereas Streptococcus sanguinis did not.

Myeloperoxidase selectively binds and selectively kills microbes.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is reported to selectively bind to bacteria. The present study provides direct evidence of MPO binding selectivity and tests the relationship of selective binding to selective killing. The microbicidal effectiveness of H(2)O(2) and of OCl(-) was compared to that of MPO plus H(2)O(2).

Comparison of topical and intravenous administration of WIN 55-212-2 in normotensive rabbits.

Objective: This study compares the effect of topical versus intravenous (IV) administration of synthetic WIN 55-212-2 (WIN) or timolol on intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods: WIN or timolol were administered either topically or by IV in normotensive New Zealand white rabbits. IOP was measured at baseline and 30, 60, and 120 min after administration (n = 4 per group).

Topical WIN55212-2 alleviates intraocular hypertension in rats through a CB1 receptor mediated mechanism of action.

Introduction: Systemically administered cannabinoids can reduce intraocular pressure (IOP), but produce undesirable cardiovascular and central nervous system effects. In a chronic model of ocular hypertension, we examined the efficacy of acute topical administration of WIN55212-2 (WIN) in a novel commercially available vehicle and in combination with timolol.

Methods: IOP was chronically elevated by the surgical ligature of vortex veins in Sprague Dawley rats.

Benign fibrous pseudotumor of tunica vaginalis testis.

We discuss the rare benign paratesticular mass identified as fibrous pseudotumor. We performed a published data search to review the etiology, incidence, gross and microscopic examinations, and pathologic diagnostic considerations. Fibrous pseudotumor is a rare, benign lesion.

Ureteral endometriosis in patients after total abdominal hysterectomy: presentation and diagnosis: a case series.

Although ureteral endometriosis is uncommon, it is a significant disease process that can cause irreversible renal damage because of delays in diagnosis. It is even more uncommon and therefore more likely to be left out of the differential diagnosis in postmenopausal women. This case series reviewed the clinical presentation and treatment of ureteral endometriosis, as well as the history and treatment of 3 postmenopausal women who presented with ureteral obstruction secondary to ureteral endometriomas.

Beta1-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and clinical efficacy of betaxolol hydrochloride in normal volunteers.

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between polymorphisms in the gene encoding the beta1-adrenergic receptor (beta1-AR) and clinical response to betaxolol hydrochloride 0.25% in a small pilot study of normal volunteers.

Design: Prospective nonrandomized comparative trial.

Cyclosporin as an adjunct to glaucoma filtration surgery.

Purpose: Current adjunctive therapies to glaucoma surgery have unreliable effects, are toxic, and have numerous late complications associated with their use. This study examined whether topical cyclosporin (CsA) prolongs bleb survival after glaucoma filtration surgery.

Methods: Anesthetized white New Zealand rabbits underwent glaucoma filtration surgery with a drainage tube.

Confocal microscopy used as the definitive, early diagnostic method in Chandler syndrome.

Purpose: To report the early, rapid diagnosis of the Chandler variant of the iridocorneal endothelial (ICE) syndrome using confocal light microscopy.

Methods: A 62-year-old man with a long history of unilateral glaucoma reported progressively blurred vision in his right eye. Examination of both eyes included visual acuity, slit-lamp examination, pneumotonometry, visual field, gonioscopy, and confocal microscopy.

Cyclosporin-augmented laser peripheral iridoplasty.

Background And Objective: Almost all patients develop iritis following argon laser peripheral iridoplasty. Numerous adverse effects, particularly elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and reduced microbial resistance, complicate therapy with topical corticosteroids. An immunomodulator, such as cyclosporin A (CsA), avoids these undesirable effects, yet may suppress ocular inflammation.