The physiology of saltwater acclimation in large juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.

The present study investigated the effects of transferring freshwater (FW) acclimated S. salar (678 g) that had been maintained under a constant photoperiod and thermal regime, into FW (salinity 0) and salt water (SW; salinity 35) on growth and physiological responses over a 28 day period. There were no mortalities observed throughout the study and no significant differences in mass or fork length between FW and SW groups after 28 days.

Weight-bearing compared with non-weight-bearing following osteochondral autograft transfer for small defects in weight-bearing areas in the femoral articular cartilage of the knee.

Background: Patients are routinely kept non-weight-bearing for four to eight weeks following osteochondral autograft transfer to repair cartilage defects of the medial and/or lateral femoral condyle. Therefore, the objective of this novel study was to investigate whether postoperative weight-bearing restrictions affect the outcomes of cartilage repair when an osteochondral autograft transfer system is used to repair small defects in weight-bearing areas of femoral articular cartilage.

Methods: This a retrospective comparative study.

Quality-of-life outcomes with minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion based on long-term analysis of 304 consecutive patients.

Study Design: This was a prospective clinical study that took place in an outpatient spine clinic.

Objective: To demonstrate the short-/long-term outcomes from a large cohort of patients undergoing minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MITLIF).

Summary Of Background Data: Long-term prospective outcomes in patients undergoing minimally invasive spinal fusion for debilitating back pain has not been well studied.

Cytokine responses of bovine dendritic cells and T cells following exposure to live or inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus.

We compared the effects of live or inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on cytokine production by bovine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC). We also investigated the response of resting memory CD4(+) T cells to MoDC exposed to both viral preparations. Although BRSV did not appear to replicate in MoDC or to affect expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, MHC class II, or CD80/86, a higher percentage of cells exposed to live virus appeared to undergo apoptosis/necrosis.

Modulation of immune responses to Mycobacterium bovis in cattle depleted of WC1(+) gamma delta T cells.

It is accepted that cell-mediated immune responses predominate in mycobacterial infections. Many studies have shown that CD4(+) T cells produce Th1 cytokines, such as gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), in response to mycobacterial antigens and that the cytolytic activity of CD8(+) cells toward infected macrophages is important. However, the extent and manner in which gamma delta T cells participate in this response remain unclear.

Susceptibility of calves to challenge with Salmonella typhimurium 4/74 and derivatives harbouring mutations in htrA or purE.

Salmonella typhimurium 4/74 is highly virulent for cattle after oral challenge, causing severe diarrhoea, which is sometimes associated with systemic spread of the micro-organism. Although susceptible to oral challenge, groups of cattle were found to be relatively resistant to subcutaneous challenge with this strain. The virulence of S.